History of slavery Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

History of slavery - Research Paper Example One cannot ignore the fact that if the South did not declare succession, Lincoln would have not declared war in the south. James McPherson, an expert in this subject, and the author of The Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era insists, â€Å" In July 1861, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution, by a nearly unanimous vote, that affirmed that the North was not waging the war to overthrow slavery but to preserve the Union.† (McPherson 66). Clearly, the focal point of the war was to keep the unity of nation for the sake of peace and security. The events that lead to civil war was the Mexican war, the dependence of the North on the South, the slavery issue, and the Dred Scott decision. Post Mexican War, America was segmented into many territories. This posed a problem as both the North and the South had to manage the issue of slavery. A Band-Aid issue was delivers as Congress passed the Compromise of 1850 which California became a free state. The Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 also did facilitate the cause as the South despised this form their Northern Counterparts (Jordan 36). From the South’s perspective, it is clear that that nation was interested in its own political and economic pursuits. Clearly, the soldiers understood that the North had little or no interest in South’s domestic affairs. Slavery was vital towards the success of South’s economy. The failure for the North to acknowledge the idea motivated the Southern soldiers to pursue their own version of the â€Å"American Dream.† The major political and economic interests between North and South continued to reflect the justification for separation for the Southern soldiers. In midst of this chaos, states such as: South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas had already declared to be seceded soon after during 1855 (Stanchak 26). After this, the major cause that triggered civil war according to historians was also because of Dred Scott

Trade Barriers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Trade Barriers - Essay Example With the fall of imperialism the captains of the industry, working alongside their national governments, evolved a system of reducing tariffs or bringing uniformity in them to trade with their neighbors that offered them better terms with respect to the exchange of goods and services. The aim was economic prosperity through the reduction in costs and higher profits through competitive advantage. This brought about bi-lateral agreements between two nations.  With the expansion of trade between several countries, these agreements involved more countries and this was the birth of Free Trade Areas (FTA). FTA’s are drivers of growth and development.   They make use of country comparative advantages, encourage specialization and division of labor, expand the size of export markets, and promote efficiency and competitive environment within the region.  The oldest FTA was the former European Economic Community (EEC) that was formed by six nations, Belgium, France, Germany, Italy , Luxembourg, and the Netherlands. The intention was to form a designated group of countries that agreed to eliminate tariffs and restrictions on most goods traded between themselves to promote greater economic benefit. When others realized the benefits of this association, they too joined and the EEC expanded and became an economic bloc that negotiated uniformly as one unit with other nations to set quotas and preferences for the benefit of EEC members. It has now expanded to become the European Union (EU) with more things in common besides free trade between its members.  The basic FTA is an agreement between member countries to reduce or eliminate trade barriers and tariffs among them. However, in such cases, the member nation is not bound to have a common external trade policy for non-member countries.  A prime example of this is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) comprising of the United States, Canada, and Mexico.

Analysis of E-Grocery System in Tesco and Sainsburys

Analysis of E-Grocery System in Tesco and Sainsburys Strategic and Economic Analysis of E-Grocery System in Tesco and Sainsbury ABSTRACT Online shopping and home delivery systems become most famous in recent decades. Online grocers have been testing various business models with altering results. This research study is carried out in two main grocers of the UK (Tesco and Sainsbury). This research study conducted Case study and historical data, and meta-analysis to identify current strategies and business models of e-grocery which contributed to their success. Both companies management styles, expansions strategy, market selections strategy, order-processing and picking methods, home delivery methods, website design and different strategies for customer relationship management are explored and evidenced the successful factors. The findings reveal that online grocery knowledge and experience in grocery business play a significant role in E-grocery success. Using slow and steady expansion with careful investment helps online grocers to stay in game. The In-store picking method is more profitable and suitable for e-grocery business. Understanding customers, wants and needs will provide tremendous opportunity for business expansion. CHAPTER 1 1.1. INTRODUCTION: This chapter provides general background, problem statement, purpose of study, research objectives, major research questions and structure of dissertation. 1.2. General background: From many decades many groceries and also many manufacturing companies are providing delivery services to customers. Home delivery of household goods is not a recent concept in grocery retailing sector. However, until 1990s e-grocery was not potentially recognisable business channel, when grocers introduced internet based online ordering facility it revolutionised whole grocery industry (Papiernik, 2000). Nowadays, not only pure-play industries offer e-grocery services but also many more supermarkets offering e-grocery service. E-grocerys continuous and fast growth is capturing market share from traditional retailers. Many of grocers have tried online unit and some of them are successful and some of them have failed in the history of grocery retail sector. For example, online grocery business is judged to show sales figure. The estimation shows that, about 0.3% to 0.7% of total sales in UK and 0.2% of sales in USA. (Kumar, 2001). The e-grocery market value is estimated at â‚ ¬450 to â‚ ¬1,000 million and $900 million in United States. 1.3. Problem statement:- On one hand, many customers are interested to do online shopping for their household goods, but yet they are not interest to abandon shopping in-store in traditional way. Most of the people still believed that, online shopping is too expensive. On the other hand, many more industries also have made their effort to build online stores by providing this extra service to the customers. Organisations are continuously striving hard to build different strategic approaches for fulfilment of orders in profitable way. However, online unit business will add extra expenditure to grocers with or without some nominal charges. The profit margin is comparably very low in e-grocery to traditional one. Many grocers have undertaken to provide online shopping experience for their customers with different strategies. Profit margin is very low and sustainability in this industry is difficult. In the history of grocery sector many more companies have introduced online shopping and home delivery units and have failed. 1.4. Purpose of the study:- The online shopping and home delivery is still in an emergent phase. E-grocery business is very challenging field and it provides an extraordinary opportunities for business. E-groceries have made many more efforts to implement various strategies and service concepts, there is no much research carried out in this area. This research study provides insight of e-grocery methods in retail sector, identifies operating strategies and strategic and economic analysis of home delivery methods in Sainsbury and Tesco. 1.5. Research objectives and significance of the study:- This research study will be carried out to analyse the current strategies and economic implications of e-grocery sector in Tesco and Sainsbury. The main objective of the study is to determine whether home delivery is strategic and economic contributor to company or not. The research also seeks to perform business models of the e-grocery system. The dissertation will provide the best strategic implementation method for online grocery systems in companies which will result in profit. Another objective is to determine business model for order processing. This study will focus on order picking and home delivery of the goods. 1.6. Structure of dissertation:- The dissertation is structured into five chapters. Chapter 1: This chapter provides general background of online grocery shopping and home delivery system, problem statement, purpose of study, research objectives and significance of the study, and outline of dissertation structure. Chapter 2 This chapter provides literature background for e-grocery system. The literature describes customer base critiqued on the basis of different characteristics, online market share and trends and customer relationship management. Chapter 3: This chapter presents research methods used to analyse the research aim and objectives. The research is carried out with qualitative analysis. Analysis is carried out using two methods, firstly case study and historical analysis, and secondly Meta analysis. Both are used to identify strategies, models, and success and failure levels of industries. Chapter 4: The fourth chapter confers finding of research, analyses the data and shows the results. Chapter 5: The final chapter draws the conclusion for overall report and also proposes possible future research in online grocery field. CHAPTER 2 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Introduction:- The literature reviews the operational and strategic analysis of E-grocery systems. There are many business models in E-grocery business. To make E-business model a sustainable one, they are using different strategies in different targeted markets. Each individual model varies from the other in various dimensions such as placing of order, assembling and delivering the goods. The first part of the literature provides statistical description of online grocery industry in various geographical areas and measures. The second part provides review of the E-grocery industrys market and its customer base. The final part offers previous studies, opinions and factors about various outcomes of e-grocery business. 2.2. Industry overview:- Over last five decades grocery business has transformed into new sector of supermarkets in UK. Many of the supermarkets have changed the grocery field dramatically. These champions of consumers have brought vast choices in product and price to improve their business sector. Online grocery shopping and Home delivery system has become one of major aspects in grocery industries. The revolution of technology advancement in internet has promoted grocery industries to embark on new methods in retailing industry. However, many grocers have been unsuccessful to consider the advantages of how it can support grocery business. These developments have lead to dismissal of complete-online supermarkets such as Web-Van, HomeGrocer, Shoplink and homeruns (Ramus and Nielsen, 2005). These results demonstrate the necessity of careful crafting of e-grocery strategies which exploits internet technologys potential of increasing company profit and also customer service (porter, 2001). On one hand, strategy conceptualisation is difficult for pure-play grocery stores since companies have not tried business models before. On the other hand, formulation of strategies for clicks and bricks grocery shops requires strategies which will combine both existing retail practice and internet based shopping processes (Teo, 2002). Online shopping or e-grocery retailing service involves customers online buying behaviour and practices, order fulfilment and delivery of order, development and maintenance of online websites to facilitate customers to enter their orders (Hong and Kim, 2004). This literature provides insight of into e-groceries and their strategic methods. 2.3. Development of home deliveries in the UK:- In United Kingdom, from centuries home delivery of goods has been taking place. During 20th century some local door to door field sales and home deliveries went down due to rise large number of retail centres and also availability of cheap cars. However, some of the home delivery business still in existence such as milk and catalogue distribution etc. The innovation of large consumer products such as washing machines, dishwashers, refrigerators, televisions etc resulted in certain type of delivery methods after mid-twentieth century. (Spufford, 1994) The recent development of information technology has contributed many new methods to retailing sector over the internet which has drastically increased the demand of home deliveries. Online shopping and home delivery has become an ideal path or approach in a society where people themselves believe they are cash-rich and time-poor for grocery or household goods. E-commerce along with some other forms offers the opportunity for consumers to buy household goods from their homes and also to receive deliveries at their flexible timings rather than travelling to stores. (ibid) 2.4. Grocery and grocery industry:- Groceries and other food retailers function each and every day, yet it is fundamental and permanent industry sectors in the business world. Everybody requires food, thus everyone must and should purchase food from one or another retail outlet. Therefore, the grocery industry is a vast, fragmented and tremendously competitive environment (Kelly Delaney et al, 2003 pp 187). â€Å"In Great Britain, food retailing industry constitutes 36 percent of overall retail turnover annually (Central Statistical Office, 1990). In United Kingdom the largest individual category of family expenditure and along with some other groups, which are partially sold in supermarkets, like household goods, tobacco and alcohols, clothing and leisure goods for a considerably large share of customer shopping (Central Statistical Office, 1991). (Russell Aylott et al, 1998, Pp.363) 2.5. Customer base and market trends:- According to Verdict (2006a), 80% of the online shoppers were of 29 to50 age group in 2002. Majority of responded shoppers were females. There are three groups of online shoppers: firstly rich and busy people who are pressed for time, secondly families with one or more young children and thirdly people who find difficulty to get into stores. The first group of people are those who have higher income and less time to shop. These people are normally high internet users, technology comprehend or family with dual income. These rich and busy people prefer someone to shop behalf of them. The second group are those who have got young children in their families. They constitute higher number of e-grocery shoppers. The age group of e-grocery shoppers is 29 to 50 years old with at least one young child under five years of age. This group of people usually spend their time in cooking dinners for their family. Therefore they prefer shop online for regular household groceries. This category of pe ople wants to avoid hassle situation at stores by dragging kids along with them for shopping. The final group is comparably small to other two categories. This group of people are those who find difficulty to access the store environment due to several reasons like age or physical disability etc. Peoples average life span has increased in recent decades comparing to 1950s and 1960s. Peoples average life span has increased from 67.8 to 77.2 in 2007 and the estimated life span is 82.4 for 2015.Aged people and physically challenged people may need little more extra help while doing shopping. They may found it as difficult to drive to supermarkets and to carry heavy household goods back to home. Online shopping will be the good alternative source of grocery shopping for them. 2.6. Estimation of home delivery shopping market and market share:- In the year 1999 the total home shopping market worth was figured at  £12.36bn in the UK market. The projected view for 2004 was  £24.12bn. All sectors have experienced by considerable growth. Constant increase has been expected for following 5 years as customers accept different new channels for purchasing of goods. Traditional grocery shopping is a matured market. However, recent developments and growth predicts that, it has been generated by potential e-commerce and majority of grocers have converted a part of their business into e-grocers. UK e-shopping was  £581m worth in the year 1999 and estimated growth of  £1.53bn in 2000. Verdict research predicted that there will be huge growth of 3.36% of total sales in online market and it was estimated as  £8.84bn by 2004(Nielsen, 2000). 2.7. Market trends in home shopping:- E-commerce growth in recent decades (excluding some declined cases) has transformed old traditional companies into technology implemented new companies. Moreover, now companies are in better position to exploit and implement new technologies to business models to grow their sales and profit. In the starting days of internet technology there were comments from academic commentators that most of incumbent businesses were unwilling to try internet for sales channel. There was lack of internet knowledge and also uneven distribution of amount for physical distribution. These companies distribution infrastructures have their brand names and customer base which will help them to command and access the funding, and provide stronger position to embrace e-commerce (Anderson consulting, 2000). If we consider present situation, majority of internet user are males compare to females. This socio-economic difference in internet profile user also affects online shopping. Along with these higher proportion of society contains children and youth who currently own their own computer systems and access internet more than older generation. However, research depicts that some of these variations may diminish over the growth of technology. For example, the prediction of women internet user by the 2005 will increase by sixty percent of total UK online users. (Tesco 2000a; Tesco Annual Report, 2000). Many more established retailers are likely to adopt a new approach, Multichannel retail sector implementation and development, in future. Already there are alternative channel development methods by many large retailers. It will also permit retailers to create alternative channels to draw supply chains and resources from their existence channels. For manufacturing companies it will provide good opportunity to access customers directly and to formulate new methods of delivering service or product. There is an expectation of launching of new niche catalogues from major drivers in UK as growth rate penetrates. (Webb, 2000). 2.8. Geographical characteristics:- Sandoval (2002) mentioned analyst Robert Rubin said that average population density in UK is high compared to ones US. The US (31 per sq.km) population density is one-eighth of the UK (248 per sq.km) in 2004 (world population prospectus). Tesco and Sainsbury have become successful e-grocers in the UK. These grocers target highly populated urban areas for more potential consumers. Urban areas are densely populated, people reside very close. In large cities there are less people who own cars. There are other factors which influence online grocery shopping in urban areas such as busy lifestyle, highly crowded shopping malls, public transport dependence for transportation and higher income. According to Mclaughlin (2005) cities are highly populated with internet users and considerable residents with disposable income. It is difficult expand online shopping to system to all geographic areas instead it could be done from one urban area to another, expanding business like this will make company delivery truck to achieve high number of deliveries at every trip. 2.9. Psychographic characteristics:- Punakivi, M., Saranen, J. (2001) mentioned five major decision elements for online shopping (price, convenience, product variety, ambiance and service). He also stated several reasons to increase online shopping chances such as changing family structure, busy work schedule with increased working hours, less free time and time consuming traditional shopping methods. This social system transformation result in search of alternative independent grocery shopping methods. Customer with different disability made their interest towards e-shopping rather than traditional one. Woodside, Arch G. and Randolph J. Trappey (1992) mentioned that time and conveniences are the two major factors for people to switch from traditional shopping methods to electronic shopping methods. Technology should provide complete product description to satisfy different types of customer base. It may depends on several criteria such as different food preferences such as organic, religious, ethnic origin etc 2.10. Technological characteristics:- Punakivi, M., Saranen, J. (2001) states that, the food marketing institute indicates US consumers are highest internet users with eighty-six percent in that seventy percent will shop online daily. Whereas in the UK, broadband user are in fifth position in world and second position in Europe. E-commerce research 2007 shows 15.9 percent respondents brought groceries once in a week, 2.7 percent shops twice or thrice a month, largest group shops once or twice in a year. Increased internet users likely contribute the growth of online shopping. Online shoppers will make more shopping than in-store shoppers. â€Å"As the economy and society have changed, so retailers have responded and shopping as an activity has altered enormously. (Dawson and Broadbridge, 1988). Online shopping is comparatively a recent phenomenon, which provides an opportunity to consumers to carry out at least one part of buying process online. â€Å"Electronic grocery shopping has been defined as shopping when at least part of transaction is started electronically via third party services or the Internet, but paying and logistics are not necessarily performed digitally. (Carl Lewis, 2003-pp.207) E-shop business model represents one class of e-commerce where buyers and sellers interact electronically with each other, except for deliveries. Burke suggests many reasons web marketing of food. As an example, everybody has to eat, and in store shopping consumes considerable time to purchase and majority people do not like grocery shopping. Daily household goods are difficult to move physically from one place to another. Continuous growth of e-commerce enlightens many traditional grocery retailers to use internet channel to sell their goods. The development leads to many more conventional retails to enter into e-grocery field (Boedeker.M, 1997). 2.11. E-Customer Relationship Management (E-CRM):- Smith believed that, customers thinking about the shopping are predetermined in means of preference to products, price and accessibility. Satisfying such conditions and preferences thorough online process is carried out through designing e-commerce website. Online shopping store should focus on creating e-loyalty. Customer relationship management (CRM) programmes are the most effective way to incorporate loyalty. Customer service is one of the major aspects of business which includes customer assistant in sales, maintenance of customer policies, providing customised services, after-sales maintenance etc. Due to the different type and nature of products which are purchased at e-grocery shops there should be complete product description. Some websites provide procedures for return of product or reporting problems as a part of after-sales service. Some stores allow unsatisfied customer to return their product, some websites provide vast description about their products such as ripeness of their tomatoes (smith, 2000). All online shopping websites provide some customer rules and policies. According to Australian legislation, all online websites should maintain privacy policy (Australian Federal Government, 2000). 2.12. Success and failure factors from previous studies:- Friends of Earth (2005) believed that e-grocery method is the best way to promote industrys brand image. However, Punakivi, M., Saranen, J. (2001) and Kotler (1996) stated conversely; brand image of company will help to promote online grocery business. They also believed that industrys business experience and its infrastructure will be added advantage for promotion. One more factor is people ability to spend money for long duration household goods. Pachauri, Moneesha 2002 stated that competition in e-grocery retail sector remains the same until company stay in game. If any child companys online business started down falling then parental company may not let it to happen for longer duration because they are inter-related in means of profit sharing. Without the demand, services of online business company will lead to business failure. Retention of existing customer is one of the main aspects of business. To gain customer loyalty, companies should provide reward to regular shopper. Customers can also gain loyalty points for their spending and it will convert into reward coupons or vouchers. Brick and mortar stores utilises their existing business infrastructure to click and mortar stores to save on costs. Delaney-Klinger, Boyer, and Frohlich (2003) mentioned Tescos success and Webvan failure because of its marketing strategy for online business. Webvan marketed its online sales with value-added service and extra delivery charges to cope up with online ordering cost. Tescos pricing strategy is little higher than the Webvan and it most suitable one for lower volume sales. Smith, Howard (2004) stated that online-only business spent heavy money for their highly automated warehouses. The operating costs for these warehouses are high and order volumes for those companies are not more than half of their capacity. High initial start up cost for online division, although pricing strategy can able to reduce cost for internal order picking and delivery methods. However, Delaney-Klinger et al (2003) believed that the expenditure for short run will increase business cost for warehouse methods and decrease for existing store picking methods comparably. High initial start-up cost will results at higher risk for any organisation. Another aspect for failure will be lack of online business management knowledge and experience. Blythman, Joanna (2005) stated that, companies are not concentrating much on customer relation management for stabilising business consistently. Traditional grocers have more advantage over online grocers in this area. 2.13. Conclusion:- Online shopping and home delivery service is one of the critical aspects of e-grocery business. E-grocery business should have to understand the variable cost affecting structures and service concepts in order to turn online grocery business into profitable one. The different strategies were discussed. Analysing and adopting best strategy for e-grocery business is most important. This literature provides insight of e-groceries. In a service context, as with product marketing, getting and keeping customers is of utmost importance. With service, in particular, someone within the organization will interact with customers; hence they should be viewed as customer relationships not just customers. Customer relationships have to be built and a useful way of viewing these developments as a life cycle. The marketing objective will change as the customer proceeds through the cycle. Understanding service marketing is becoming increasingly important for all organizations as more firms seek to di fferentiate their product or services through their service offering. Interaction and customer relationship concepts are the two key areas of service marketing are said to be of even greater importance to all firms in the future. CHAPTER 3 3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY 3.1. Research topic: Strategic and Economic analysis of E-grocery system in Tesco and Sainsbury (Online shopping and home delivery methods). 3.2. Background of home delivery system and its characteristics- Home delivery is generally defined as delivering of all types of goods to customers homes (or any different location opted by customer example workplace) regardless whether online or any other order forms such as traditional mailing, telephone-based ordering (phone order), internet, fax or order made in person by consumer in store premises. The study is carried out in business to customer order delivery system rather than business to business. Home delivery system refers to all household goods delivered to consumers house (the destination may change such as work place on customers selection). Hence in online shopping and home delivery method the purchased physical household goods are carried out to customers destination by specialised home delivery unit or companies instead of customers themselves. There are some reasons for home deliveries like (i) may be the retail outlet itself would provide an additional service to their customers or ( ii) may be customer do not like to carry the shopped goods at that instance or the required product may be out-of-stock at that moment or (iii) due to goods weight or size ( if it became difficulty to customer to transport by themselves) or (iv) because the seller itself does not have any physical store and may be its complete operation depends on the virtual online store. Thus customer may face impossible situation to collect the goods in store by themselves. (Farahmand and Young, 1998; Nielsen, 2000) 3.3. Research aim and objectives:- 3.3.1. Aim: To analyse the strategic and economic factors of e- grocery system in Tesco and Sainsbury. Hypothesis: Home delivery system is neither a profitable nor a strategic contributor to Tesco and Sainsbury. 3.3.2. Research objectives:- The objective of this study is to find out and explain empirically the above mentioned research issue by using various research methods. Our approach is comparative in nature. The steps adopted in our study are as follows: (1) Identification of the industries under study; (2) Study of background of the industries; (3) Interpretation of appropriateness of strategies and methods of individual firm; (4) Analysis of home delivery methods impact on organisational performance from individual firm. Research questions:- This research study is carried out to understand the factors of e-grocery success by trying to find answer to following research questions. What are Tescos and Sainsburys online units strategies to its success? What are the business models they are following? How are they processing their order? Should they use warehouse system or in-store picking system? Whether home delivery system is profitable or not? How should online unit function to achieve operational efficiency and how they are managing customer relationship? 3.4. Research Approach and methodology:- Research data collection is carried out both quantitatively and qualitatively. It will become difficult to distinguish between these two methods. Generally quantitative research method means collecting numerical data or coded information for objective analysis, data will be later interpreted. Qualitative research method is data collection by observations by peoples activity generally and they are noted in coded description. However, this codified information can be used for later analysis. The important form of this method is often reporting and interpretations by researcher by timely observation. A semi structured interview will be carried out during research which consists of analysis of Sainsbury and Tesco stores for data collection about home delivery. Interviews will be carried out with key persons like grocery manager, online delivery driver, and duty manager etc in each store to collect the quantitative and qualitative data. The quantitative data will be gathered for analysis. And results will be drawn from the following methods. This study uses semi-structured quantitative primary analysis (interview for data collection) and majorly uses qualitative method (secondary source) to identify UK grocery sector and to focus to answer research questions stated. Interviews will provide large amount of information which is main source of information and key pathway for time-constrained studies such as this (Esterberg, 2002). 3.4.1. Case study and historical analysis method:- According to Yin (1989), there are mainly five major investigating methods in social science research namely surveys, archival analysis, case studies, experiments and historical analysis. He also distinguishes them on the basis of three criteria; those are i) what kind of research question will be asked, ii) what will the degree of control over present behavioural consequences and iii) present emphasis compared to past events. Case studies and historical analysis are desirable approaches to evaluate strategies of organisations. These methods are useful to describe and answer the â€Å"how and/or â€Å"why scenario when events happen beyond researcher control and also while researching present phenomenon in real-life time. Inductive and deductive approaches will be used for analysis of research data. Inductive way means drawing the general conclusions from researcher based on empirical grounds. Deductive approach means drawing the conclusions from researchers logical reasoning (Ghauri, et.Al,. 1995). This study focus on collecting information regarding operational strategies of Tesco and Sainsbury and to understand, why they are providing online shopping facility to customers while many of the supermarket failed to stay in game. During the process of study, the companies actions or strategic implementations from them are beyond the control of researcher, case study and historical analysis methods will be best, for a part of research. 3.4.2. Meta-Analysis:- On this part, research study is carried out through qualitative meta-analysis for selected e-grocery organisations. Answers to main research questions will be collected qualitatively for each individual case (Lyons, 2003). The collected data will be analysed and possible relationships between business models and various out comes will be fetched out. This method is used to compare operations characteristics and strategies of Tesco and Sainsbury from the gathered data. This is the systematic approach for cross comparison of business models. There are few draw backs in meta-analysis such as, since data collected from various sources, hence, results quality is directly depends on the quality of source. Another, may companies may use similar strategic approach to achieve their goals which may be rarely identical. There is no unique approach to analyse data for meta-analysis. This effort is made to reveal answers from confirmed information from various sources (Graney and Engle, 1990). 3.5. Significance and limitations:-

Market Research :: Business and Management Studies

Market Research Introduction Milo has been around since 1933. It is a chocolate malt flavoured beverage, which is fortified with several vitamins. Young and old love Milo simply for being energy- packed and its rich chocolaty taste. As a health food drink, it is full of vitamins and minerals. In fact, new improved Milo boosts optimum performance. This is what makes it different from its competitors who are; Ovaltine, Haulics, Lucozade, Nesqiuck and other chocolate drinks. Milo is available in 18g single serve sachets, 80g, 200g, 300g, 600g, 1kg refill packs and in ready-to-drink plastic bottles. You can also enjoy the goodness of Milo through the healthy and delicious Milo Balls, Milo Ice Cream, Milo Scoop Shake and Milo Balls. I am going to identify and explain the principles of marketing because it is the foundation at, which I’m going to use to create my marketing strategy. Marketing involves the anticipation, identification, satisfaction and creation of consumer wants for the purpose of generating income or profit. It also involves a variety of activities designed to raise consumer awareness, develop new products, increase market share and profit and to manage the effects of change and competition. In order for a business’s marketing to be successful, it must be based on the principles of marketing, which are: * Understand customer needs * Understand and keep ahead of competition * Communicate effectively with its customers to satisfy customer expectations * Co-ordinate its functions to achieve marketing aims * Be aware of constraints on marketing activities Understanding customer needs This principle is based mainly on marketing research. Market research can be used to gather information about consumers buying habits and spending patterns. Organisations use it to scan the industry for any changes or trends, rather than asking 100 people if they like a product or other questions relating to consumers needs. This is much easier but has a drawback, which are expenses. It is very expensive carrying out market research because market research is a big business, which involves a lot of equipment and the correct professionals. This principle is significant to my marketing strategy because in order for my product to sell I will need to identify the right customers and the best way to achieve this is by understanding customer needs. Being unable to understanding customer needs could lead to no sales, thus no profit. For example, having a good product will benefit your marketing ploys, however, if the price does not meet the customer’s needs it may not sale or even if the place of distribution is not satisfactory the product may not sell; therefore understanding customer needs is essential to my marketing strategy.

Reasons for Hitler to become a tyrant

Hitler was the founder of the National Socialist German Workers Party and one of the most Influential voices of his time. He Implemented the Holocaust, the mass execution of the Jews, Gypsies, and people he considered inordinate. Hitler was known for being very cruel to many people and punished those who disobeyed his rule. In November of 1921, he had realized that he had a powerful skill in oratory and could speak like none other. He founded the Nationalistic Socialist German Workers Party and created the swastika.He started to lead Germany in many rebellions against other countries. Hitler was furious with what how the nations of the world mistreated Germany after World War l, and wanted to get revenge. As World War I ended, there were many reparations that were needed to be done. Many countries were In a state of depression and anger was fueled inside all of them, and someone had to pay. The League of Nations Indicted Germany of the crimes that were done, and Germany had to pay th e money for all the nations' compensations. Everybody In Germany, Including Doll Hitler, was enraged by this decision, because they had to pay more taxes.Hitler thought someone needed to stand up for judgment, and with his oratory skills, he tried convincing the people of Germany to rebel against the world. He conducted many speeches all over Germany, and many people agreed with his ideas and with the support that he gathered from his people, he overthrew the nation's government and gathered all the power. When Germany was weakened, considering it had to pay for all the reparations, the government collapsed. In addition to that, most of the German states made their own Constitutions and did not follow the main Constitution.The army of Germany was under General Hans von Sects, and he wanted to destroy the government. The leadership of the previous Kaiser of Germany was not present anymore, and the people did not have anyone to look up to. In fact, most people wanted dictatorship to c ome back, so they could get ruled again. Germany was split up Into small independent states, and Doll Hitler did not like this. He wanted a single, strong, united Germany with a strong government, so they could fight against the Allied states and get their revenge.He immediately started throwing leadership campaigns, ND many people bent to his opinion. A couple years following his campaigns, Hitler became the leader of Germany. Thirdly, he rose to power was because he gained a lot of money. Fresh out of World War l, Hitler didn't have a lot of money and was financially unstable. When Hitler realized that Germany didn't have a strong leadership, he decided to step up to the case. He didn't have the money to set up propaganda or any sort of art to convince them, so he conducted a lot of speeches.By doing so, many rich entrepreneurs In Germany offered Hitler money to restore Germany. With that money, Hitler could create propaganda, so that he could get the people's support. Also, Hitle r could set up many campaigns all over Germany and attracted many that the Jews and other people who he considered â€Å"morally unjust† were to blame, and the Germans showed distrust towards these people. He put Josef Gobbles in charge of the propaganda, because Gobbles was able to appeal to the peoples' feelings instead of arguing against them.Gobbles communicated the views of the Nazi perfectly and a lot of people, especially the youth, started to follow Hitler in his billions. With this type of power, there was no stopping Hitler. At the end of the war, everyone in Germany lost something. Even Hitler lost someone, his mother. Before the war, Germany was a big and threatening country, but in the post war, nobody was scared of it anymore. It was Just some poor third- world country that no one cared about anymore. Hitler was positive that he could get Germany's moral back.In his speeches, he promised that he will bring Germany back up and give everyone something. He basicall y promised the impossible to a nation of people who were in desperate, starving, loss of credibility, and utterly defeated at the mercy of the nations to help rebuild them. The government was doing little to bring Germany back, but the people never listened to them. Hitler appealed to their pride, and they supported him. As Hitler started to create more and more campaigns, he soon started enemies. There were many opposing parties that electioneered against Hitler.Since the German Constitution was not effective, Hitler could do whatever he wanted. His men or the Gestapo Secret Police and the Storekeepers, would often attack his opposition. With more and more parties getting destroyed by Hitter's organization, fear spread throughout the people. He showed the country who he really was and no one, including the government, wanted to mess with him. Along with the many campaigns he held and the fear he created, the people of Germany admired Hitler, because of his body language and his per sonality. He appealed to a people who had been defeated and humiliated.The people wanted a leader who was not afraid of anything and is willing to stand up for his country. His body language as shown well and used as a great way to get across his message. The people of Germany adored how he could organize everything so perfectly and was driven to become the dictator of Germany. A lot of people referred to him as the Messiah of Germany. Disaster struck the United States in 1929, when the Stock Market collapsed. Everyone lost a lot of money, and the United States of America did not have a lot of money. They had to shut down their major imports with other countries, Germany being one of them.Since Germany had to pay for all the war reparations, their sports were a primary source of making money. With the Great Depression, they lost one of their main exports, and Germany started to lose money. Inflation rose greatly in Germany, and money started to lose value. Unemployment shot up drast ically, and people were not making money. The people of Germany wanted someone to blame. Hitler thought that if he can get the people back to work, he can get lot of followers. He started to talk about the Nazi party and why it is beneficial, and more and more people started to Join the Nazi party, because it was their last chance of hope.Since the Nazi party went from 12 people in 1928 to 230 in 1932, Hitler gave people what they wanted. In 1932, the population of the Nazi party started to decline, and the elections about suicide. A man named Paul von Hindering gave him a helping hand and set him up with a friend of his, Chancellor Franz von Pane. Von Pane was having trouble getting people to listen to him and needed someone who he can trust to rule Germany. He gave Hitler a position as vice-chancellor, but Hitler declined, because Hitler thought he was suited for a higher position.Taking a risk Hindering and von Pane gave Hitler the position of Chancellor. They made a very bad mis take, because Hitler used this to have total control of the power in Germany. He finally got what he wanted, and he didn't take power, he was given it. There were many reasons for why Hitler rose to the position where he was, but there are a few that stand out among the others. The biggest reason for why he got so much power was because of the outcome of World War II. Since Germany had to pay for all the reparations, everyone in Germany was mad at the other nations.No one would stand up and rebel against them. Hitler took a stand and wanted to show the other countries that Germany doesn't deserve the treatment. He capitalized on this decision and created the Nazi party that would end the nightmare the Germans were living in. Another reason for why he rose to power was through his speeches and his extravagant character. The government of Germany did not do anything about the ruins and had a hard time getting its people to listen it. The people of Germany wanted someone who was brave, logical, and willing to stand up to his country.Hitler had all those qualities, and he was not afraid to speak. The Germans saw this in him and took the liberty of following in him for his rise to power. A third reason for why he had risen to great power was through his use of propaganda. He thought that he needed to get the people of Germany to believe what was right and wrong. Hitler thought the only way to do this was through the use of propaganda. By using that, he led the people to believe that they need to stand up for what's right. Hitler was and still is, one of the greatest leaders of all time.

Library an Internet Essay

The internet and the library , both are the considered to be a big depository of information .Library can be defined as [1]â€Å"A collection of literary documents or records kept for reference or borrowing† While Internet is defined as [2]â€Å"An electronic network providing access to millions of resources worldwide. University Libraries provide access to many periodical indexes through the Internet. Internet access is available on all floors of the Libraries.† Internet and the library both seems to be serving the same purpose but as the time goes by and world moves to new innovations and directions , the question arises is the latter going to replace the former . This essay compares and contrasts the Internet and an Library , how they share a common purpose and how they vary from each other while serving the purpose . Both the internet and an Library provides information on a wide array of topics but it may be not be necessary that library in United states has the books or journals about the History of Asian countries like china , India . Even if an American Library does has the books and information on the Asian history it may not as exhaustive as it would be in the libraries based in Asia itself . It is not possible to have the same set of books and information in all the libraries. Not all the books available in the Library of the Lindenwood university would be same as available in the libraries of Delhi University at India . Although noticeable works like the ones of Shakespeare would be definitely on the shelves of both the libraries .But its not always necessary that less known authors or journals will make to each library. While on the other hand information available on internet is universal , the same information can be accessed in all the computers worldwide . There is no regional version of internet just about anyone and everyone can access the same information whether it is done with a internet connection in India or in Americas .