Rise and fall of marks and Spencer Essay Example

Rise and fall of imprints and Spencer Essay At the point when Michael Marks built up a penny bazaar in mid 1880s, it was the start of a British example of overcoming adversity that nobody could have anticipated. Imprints Spencer Group (MS) has been an amazing association for longer than a century. In any case, following quite a while of progress, the retailing mammoth demonstrated an alarming sign. This examination gives a thorough and basic assessment of the progressions at MS from mid 1980s to 2002 and the consequences of its administrations tries. This is attempted by looking over the historical backdrop of MS and its experience. Key apparatuses like SWOT examination, PEST investigation , Porters five model industry examination , BCG Matrix and the Value Chain examination are utilized to assess the entire range of variables that added to the ascent and decrease of Marks and Spencer. An endeavor is additionally made to propose future procedures to be embraced to recover the lost ground. MS Background The organization was begun in Leeds in 1884 by Michael Marks , a Russian foreigner. After ten years , Tom Spencer got association together with Marks and MS was conceived (Beaver, 1999). Their association had all the parts of progress, joining enterprising pizazz with the business ability required to make a string of Penny Bazaars (Christopher, 2001). During the 1920s, the business practiced a progressive strategy of purchasing legitimately from makers as opposed to experiencing wholesalers. These one of a kind associations with providers gave the business a favorable position and comfort that couple of its rivals could coordinate. We will compose a custom paper test on Rise and fall of imprints and Spencer explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Rise and fall of imprints and Spencer explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Rise and fall of imprints and Spencer explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer The development of MS was quick and in 1926 it was recorded in the London Stock Exchange as an open organization (Whitehead, 1994). After two years, Simon Marks assumed control over the reins of MS from his dad. He presented the St. Michael brand , an image of greatness and quality. In 1930s, MS leader store was opened at Marble Arch, London. A while later, food divisions, which sold canned items, were brought into the organization. Additionally, MS began to made attacks into the outside business sectors in 1970s and had a blended accomplishment in its remote tasks. It opened its first abroad store in Canada in 1973 and afterward the extension proceeded in Europe (Daniels, 1995). It likewise sent out its St. Michael brand product to diversified stores in seventeen nations. This natural examination creates data which is organized and coordinated in an important manner for showcasing and vital arranging process as for the present and foreseen circumstances. The inside conditions are investigated utilizing the quality and shortcomings where as the chances and dangers are broke down for the outer. The point by point factors that portrays the qualities , shortcomings , openings and dangers are recorded as Appendix I. Nuisance Analysis Through the PEST examination the outer large scale condition is investigated. Here variables relating to the political, practical socio-social and mechanical angles are investigated. Political The solidness of the current work government, its tax collection arrangements, against monopolistic approaches, the business laws and the development of the opposition commission so on are directly affecting the retail business just as M S. Mergers and acquisitions are not empowered and subsequently completely researched. As a result of the nearness of the solid worker's organizations the organizations are not in a situation to present activity rearrangements similarly as the incredible Marks could present it in Marks and Spencer, following the Second universal war. As such firms have needed to adjust to wage rises and have been compelled to discover different approaches to bring down expenses. General stores, for example, Tesco have in the past decreased expenses by misusing providers by exploiting their solid purchasers haggling power. Ranchers specifically have been the subject of such misuse however the legislatures rivalry commission has since endeavored to amend the circumstance by presenting a code of training (BBC online 2001, Supermarkets code too frail ) Monetary Partnership charge is as of now 30% for enormous firms. Expense credit is took into account innovative work. Swelling and financing costs are at sensible level with positive pointers in GNP development rate. Despite the fact that recessionary patterns are theorized about its intense impacts are not yet discernibly found in the economy. Obviously the economy give indications of debilitating. The basic pace of expansion was 2.3% for March 2002. The Bank of England is endeavoring to keep expansion beneath 2.5% and plans to forestall an ascent in financing costs. An ascent in loan fees will entangle any financing choices and may upset any drawn out speculations as it will expand the expense of obligation as such elective types of venture, for example, value become a progressively alluring type of venture however verifiably value account is only occasionally utilized for financing long haul goals because of the way that it tends to be exorbitant and will weaken investor control. For as far back as two years the forecast of an approaching downturn has posed a potential threat however this has not occurred. Numerous market analysts anticipate an impending downturn. In the event that that forecast is demonstrated right , history directs that , in the midst of downturn , shoppers will be more value touchy and less inclined to buy costly merchandise because of an absence of extra cash. Socio-social Current patterns propose that in the course of the most recent 10 years there has been an enormous ascent in the prominence of mass purchasing , with food things specifically being purchased in mass. Also there has been an expansion sought after for helpful nourishments, for example, sandwiches and microwave suppers. The effect of September eleventh related to the ascent of noble cause activities recommend that numerous individuals are probably going to receive an increasingly thoughtful view to world issues and therefore more noteworthy significance is probably going to be put on corporate obligation and good cause activities. In spite of the fact that Tesco and Gap rehearses in the past have been esteemed untrustworthy but their benefit was not unfavorably influenced. Mechanical The ever-expanding notoriety of the Internet and the approach of broadband innovation has brought about numerous organizations currently offering on the web administrations considering home shopping. The utilization of mind boggling PC frameworks has empowered firms to mechanize and quicken numerous methods recently done by hand. Connected framework have additionally empowered simpler record assortment, measurable investigation and recognizable proof of segment information Watchmen Five Model Industry Analysis The generally acknowledged and usually utilized Porters five model industry examination settles upon the business elements which thus are affected by the powers of full scale and miniaturized scale situations. This investigation isn't one of movement alone yet an on-going procedure. These powers practice relative force at a state of time and it is extremely essential to distinguish which of these five powers are the key powers at activity and develop a methodology to situate itself to make the most of the chances and over come the dangers. As a result of the dynamic idea of these powers the examination is to be rehashed on an on-going premise in order to deny of the possible contenders to surpass , recover , continue and improve the piece of the pie and development as the circumstance requests. The dangers from the New participants , purchasers and providers haggling power , substitutes and serious contention are examined and appeared in Appendix II Doormen 5 powers model proposes that when purchasers apply a serious extent of decision and can look over an assortment of substitutes item quality, value, item separation and marking are probably going to become common factors as concerns the accomplishment of a firm. As such this is probably going to be regular inside the market MS works as there is a serious extent of rivalry acquired in immediate and circuitous structures meaning purchasers (clients) will have a serious extent of decision along these lines firms must take into account this in the habits plot above. Furthermore the whimsical idea of the design business for example item life cycle is low because of regularly changing design patterns implies that a brisk and productive reaction to client request can fundamentally influence the level of accomplishment a firm encounters. Also an attention to future ecological conditions can be of essential significance to an organizations accomplishment as the significance of value, i tem quality marking and separation can shift significantly inside various conditions. For example during a time of downturn cost turns into an overall factor, which is probably going to direct client decision. Though during a time of thriving quality and brand become predominant variables. The Core Competences Critical Success factors and Competitive Advantage Center abilities emerges from the one of a kind and unmistakable way that M S fabricates, creates , incorporates and sends its assets and skills. It very well may be assessed this way. M S has an unmistakable client center. As a result of the inbuilt , vigorous capabilities the uniqueness of M S can't be effectively imitated. Concerning its adaptability this is one territory in which M S didn't react ideal in satisfactory measure. They lingered behind different rivals in adjusting to the adjustments in the market or industry conditions. The organization has addressed an unpleasant cost for this laxity. The degree to which worth is added to the item/administration is very is acceptable. At last, regarding manageability M S couldn't hold the beat of its force and walk despite the fact that it is as yet the market head. The basic achievement factors and center capabilities are pictorially delineated and is appeared in Appendix III. Serious

Fear and Indifference Reinforce Oppression and Individual Courage Essay

Dread and Indifference Reinforce Oppression and Individual Courage - Essay Example Dread and lack of interest strengthen mistreatment that makes social imbalance; finishing it begins with firm individual feelings that start like a fire before consuming over the general public it needs to change. At the point when individuals dread to secure the abused or to battle since they are mistreated, they are fortifying persecution through quietly permitting it to proceed in their general public. Wendell Steavenson talked with ladies who both speak to or denounce ladies rights. Hend Badawi took an interest in the Tahrir Square to remove Mubarak and his oppressive system. In spite of the fact that she is a genuine case of an individual who battles for her privileges, her preservationist family rebuffed her for her activism. Steavenson cited Mona Eltahawy, a women's activist author, who stated: â€Å"The system persecutes everybody, except society quells just women†. Society mistreats ladies, not just by taking an interest on socially demonizing and truly and sincerely harming ladies who battle for their privileges yet in addition by staying quiet on their requests. Quietness can be went with dread, similar to the individuals who not, at this point squeezed charges against the police for truly and explicitly bugging them through open virginity tests. By not discussing their feelings of dread and battling their oppressors, they are fortifying the purpose of their oppressors to regard them as peasants. Alex Ross discusses another sexual orientation issue, this time, the battle for gays’ interest for equivalent rights and opportunities. Gays during the 80s were hesitant to come out in view of separation and savagery against them.

Emergency Codes - UGA Undergraduate Admissions

Emergency Codes - UGA Undergraduate Admissions Emergency Codes Last week, I volunteered for my 23rd year as a cabin counselor at Camp Sunshine, a camp for children with cancer. The campers during my week range from 7-12 years of age, and there is a wide range of situations with the campers, from ones who have been off treatment for years and having no challenges to campers missing limbs or going through medical care while at camp. Every year before the campers arrive, the camp staff goes over a list of camp rules to make sure the week goes by without any problems. This training covers a wide range of things, from important safety information from the medical staff (hydration and sunscreen are key buzzwords), to the codes for a variety of different possible emergencies. Here is the short list of the emergency codes from camp: Code Red Fire emergency at camp. Code Blue Possible bomb/active shooter. Code Yellow Missing camper emergency. Code Gray Thunderstorm spotted. Code Black Tornado Warning. When youre working with a large group of people scattered around a huge camp space, you need to prepare for any possible issue and quickly alert people to any issue. As you can guess, most of these codes never occur. The only code used this year was code gray, but thunderstorms are normal for summer afternoons in Georgia. I did have a code yellow once, but the camper was just hiding out in the snack shack eating candy bars prior to leaving camp. Emergency codes fit the idea of the quote from Benjamin Franklin If you fail to plan, you are planning to fail. A number of different organizations have codes in place for issues, from K-12 schools to manufacturing plants to hospitals, with each group aligning their codes to the possible emergencies at hand. My wife has been a nurse for almost 30 years, and I know that if we are talking on the phone and I hear Code Blue in the background, I need to get off the phone with her. Different codes have different levels of urgency and actions to take. While there are no official Emergency Codes in Admissions, there are a few codes all of us in admissions would probably like to add. Please take these with a large grain of salt: Code Red Academic Implosion. When a student has an overall strong application, but there are areas on the transcript with seriously low grades (multiple C/D/F grades). This code becomes more serious the later the implosion occurs in the four years of HS, with little chance of survival if it occurs in senior year. Code Blue Over-involved Parent Emergency. When a parent becomes the main conduit for communication about the students file. The level of seriousness grows exponentially if parent pretends to be the student over the phone or in an email. Code Yellow Missing application effort. When a student gives us almost no information about themselves in the application, especially in the activities areas. Extreme complications occur when a student writes Sorry, I did not have time to do the essays. Code usually occurs in the hours leading up to the application deadline. Code Gray Over-inflation of activities/essays. When an applicant embellishes on their activities/essays in describing their high school years. High level of alert can be found when the students primary assistance in the essays is a thesaurus. Code Black Extreme Overconfidence. When a student/parent does not understand that there are 30,000 freshman applying to UGA, thus causing a misunderstanding of the competitiveness of the applicant pool. Level of the code is raised with trophies/awards from elementary school years are mentioned. I hope you have reviewed these admission codes with a sense of humor as intended, and Go Dawgs!

Essay about Imagery in Macbeth - 804 Words

Imagery in Macbeth There are many forms of imagery in the world today. They usually take on two main forms, those being visual and mental. Word means different thing to different people. The Websters Dictionary defines it as, in rhetoric, representations in writing or speaking; lively descriptions which impress the images of things on the mind; figures in discourse. This once again goes back to the idea of mental imagery and the different ways people interpret things. In William Shakespeares Macbeth. Imagery is connected to both character development as well as theme and are patterned throughout the play. From the beginning of the play we are introduced to image of darkness. It was called upon by Banquo,†¦show more content†¦Come, thick night, And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark, To cry, Hold, hold! (I, V, 53-57) By the end of Act I, we can see that Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have sided with Darkness. By listening to the prompting of the witches they have given in to them and side with the forces of evil. But, Banquo, is still cautious about the idea of even and darkness. He shows us that the witches ae only tell partial truths that look pretty at first, but, will hurt you in the end. This also brings to us to the theme of evil and how it does the same thing. It comes across as being very tempting but, will definitely bring you down in the end. Another strong image in the play is blood. It is perhaps the most powerful image of Macbeths character change. One such image is portrayed just before Macbeth visits the witches for the second time. He says to his wife, Lady Macbeth that For mine own good All causes shall give away; I am in blood Steppd in so for, that, should I wade no more, Returning were as tedious as go oer: (III, IV, 166-169) This says that he is no longer concerned with who is in his way as long as he gets to the top. He is being driven by evil once again. The blood imageShow MoreRelatedMacbeth - Imagery in Macbeth1331 Words   |  6 Pageshe uses many forms of imagery. Imagery, the art of making images, the products of imagination. In the play Macbeth Shakespeare applies the imagery of clothing, darkness and blood. (listed from least to most), Each detail is his imagery, it seems to contain an important symbol of the play. Symbols that the reader must understand if they are to interpret either the passage or the play as a whole. Within the play Macbeth the imagery of clothing portrays that Macbeth is seeking to hide hisRead MoreImagery in Macbeth848 Words   |  4 PagesImagery in Macbeth â€Å"Violence and the bloodshed that results are important symbols in Shakespeare’s Macbeth. While the blood that is shed is a tangible reminder of the outcomes of misused power, it also serves as an image that provokes Macbeth to reflect upon his deeds, even if he does not change his behavior. Macbeth becomes obsessed with the blood on his hands. Unfortunately, this reminder of his guilt does not prevent him from continuing violent acts.† -Marshall Mc Luhan. Macbeth, one of theRead MoreEssay on Imagery in Macbeth1147 Words   |  5 Pagesutilize it as effective imagery in their literary works. British playwright William Shakespeare uses blood imagery in many of his plays, one prevalent example being Macbeth. In Macbeth, Shakespeare uses blood imagery to symbolize guilt, foreshadow negative events, and develop Macbeth as a tragic hero. In his famous tragedy Macbeth, Shakespeare uses blood imagery to symbolize the guilt of both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. For example, as soon as he murders King Duncan, Macbeth, regretful and guilt-riddenRead MoreThe Use Of Imagery In Macbeth1428 Words   |  6 PagesImagery is defined as a vehicle to represent objects, ideas, and actions using figurative language, in a way that appeals to our physical senses, Shakespeare was an expert at employing this technique in his works, with one of his most famous and renowned, Macbeth, using this device to perfection. Macbeth is a tragedy by William Shakespeare, illustrating the psychological effects of political ambition on those who seek power for its own sake. Shakespeare utilizes imagery numerous times throughoutRead MoreMacbeth Imagery Blood1442 Words   |  6 PagesBlood Imagery in Macbeth Shakespeare’s plays are well known for the richness of their imagery. This is particularly true in Macbeth and the many allusions to blood. The use of blood imagery gives the reader some foresight into what is going on in the play and how the characters are thinking and feeling. Blood is used to represent heroics on the battlefield, evil and murderous inclinations, and ultimately guilt and shame. Shakespeare uses the symbol of blood to give the readers insight intoRead MoreImagery in Macbeth Essay669 Words   |  3 PagesImagery in Macbeth Shakespeares powerful imagery has never been more apparent than in Macbeth. He begins the play with a startling image of three witches chanting in a furious thunderstorm, Fair is foul, and foul is fair. Hover through the fog and filthy air (1.1.10-11). The eerie chanting creates a dark, mysterious tone that leaves the reader feeling uncomfortable and expecting odd and evil things to happen. Later, when Macbeth and Banquo come across the three weirdRead MoreBlood Imagery in Macbeth857 Words   |  4 Pagesevident as the bloody hands of Macbeth and his obsession with them. Macbeth has killed King Duncan and doesn’t stop there, he kills the guards making Duncan’s sons flee. This gives Macbeth the throne. However he becomes overwhelmed with the guilt. Shakespeare uses blood to show how it reminds Macbeth of the violent acts he has committed and how he has become obsessed with the blood on his hands. Initially the blood represents courage and bravery. For brave Macbeth-well he deserves that name- â€Å"disdainingRead MoreMacbeth - Blood Imagery in Macbeth Essay990 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare wrote the Tragedy of Macbeth in approximately 1606 AD. He loosely based it on a historical event occurring around 1050 AD. Macbeth is the story of a nobleman, who, while trying to fulfill a prophecy told to him by three witches, murders his King to cause his ascension to the throne of Scotland. After the Kings murder, Macbeth reigns as a cruel and ruthless tyrant, who is forced to kill more people to keep control of the throne. Finally, Scottish rebels combined with English forcesRead MoreDarkness Imagery In Macbeth Essay899 Words   |  4 Pagesare the basic elements in William Shakespeares Macbeth. Macbeth is a tragedy which was written by Shakespeare in the Elizabethan Era. There was much use of Raphael Holinsheds Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland as it was neces sary for creating the environments and situations in the play. Macbeth takes place mainly in Scotland and is a play about an ambitious thane, named Macbeth, and his wife whose flaws lead to their demise. Since Macbeth is a tragedy, probably nothing else would be asRead More Darkness Imagery In Macbeth Essays909 Words   |  4 PagesDarkness Imagery in William Shakespeares Macbeth nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Ambition and evil are the basic elements in William Shakespeare’s Macbeth. Macbeth is a tragedy which was written by Shakespeare in the Elizabethan Era. There was much use of Raphael Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland as it was necessary for creating the environments and situations in the play. Macbeth takes place mainly in Scotland and is a play about an ambitious thane, named Macbeth, and his

Teenage Pregnancy The Highest Rate Of Teen Pregnancy

Teen Pregnancy The United States has the highest rate of teen pregnancy of most industrialized nations. According to a 2014 article, in 2013 nearly 273,105 babies were born to women aged 15-19 years, for a live birth rate of 26.5 per 1,000 women in this age group. This is a record low for U.S. teens in this age group, and a drop of 10% from 2012. Birth rates fell 13% for women aged 15–17 years, and 8% for women aged 18–19 years. Still, the U.S. teen pregnancy rate is substantially higher than in other western industrialized nations. About Teen Pregnancy. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 19 May 2015. Web. 07 Oct. 2015.Under 18 conceptions result in either a life birth or an†¦show more content†¦Teens also are more likely to smoke cigarettes, drink alcohol, or take drugs during pregnancy, which can cause health problems for the baby. According to the American Medical Association (AMA), babies born to women who do not h ave regular prenatal care are 4 times more likely to die before the age of 1 year. In addition to increased health risks, children born to teenage mothers are more likely to experience social, emotional, and other problems. Also increased risk for abuse and neglect.Teen Pregnancy Health Risks to the Baby. - Teen Pregnancy. Stanley J. Swierzewski, III, M.D., 31 Oct. 2000. Web. 07 Oct. 2015. Teens need youth-friendly services and complete, accurate information about abstinence, condoms, and contraception in order to protect themselves from unintended pregnancy. But they also need to be able to envision a positive future for themselves: one in which education, employment, and healthy relationships are possible. Further, empowering youth, and supporting women’s reproductive decisions, means pregnant or parenting teens should be supported, not stigmatized, by both government and culture. But i believe that the cause of teen pregnancy is all

Is the Internet Bad for Us Free Essays

ENG 120 I03FY February 23, 2010 Is the internet bad for us ? In the old days, a paper research used to take up to several days, when only libraries and encyclopedias had the right and trustful information. A visit to the Metropolitan Museum of Art involved finding the address first, and that took as well quite some time. In our days all this information is just a click away. We will write a custom essay sample on Is the Internet Bad for Us? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Internet, with the help of web pages, such as Google Search and Google Maps, are the solution to every question one may ask. The long days of search have ended, but it doesn’t mean it is a favorable or beneficial thing for each person. Scientists and professors of well known universities have discovered that this trouble free, straightforward and rapid method has determined not only the brains to delay the thinking process, but also changed people’s behavior in their lives in a negative way. One neuroscientist, Dr. Gary Small conducted a study where he examined the impact of the Internet on a young persons brain. This study consisted of reading a MRI while the person was surfing on the Internet, and another one while it was reading a book. Then, the results where very surprising: the MRI showed more brain activity in the frontal part, the decision part of the brain, when the person was surfing the Internet. The study reached lots of newspapers, and every person believed that Google is making them smarter. However, after a short period of time, Dr. Small reviewed the results and stated: â€Å"On a brain scan big doesn’t mean it is better†¦It’s exactly as in a golf game, you want to keep your score lower†. One can easily see that this brain activity is without doubt detrimental to all of us and surfing the Internet only decreases our process of thinking, instead of increasing it. Surfing on the Internet has become a daily routine, by checking the e-mail, researching on some interesting subjects and that takes probably an hour per day, which is ordinary in our days. Still, there are millions of young students that stay an average of fifty hours a week on the Internet and that just doesn’t seem something normal. All this time spent on the Internet has affected their thinking development. A pathologist of the University of Michigan Medical School states that: â€Å" I can’t read â€Å"War and Peace â€Å" anymore, I’ve lost the ability to do that. Even a blog post on more than three or four paragraphs is too much to absorb. I skim it. This is actually a frightening reality that applies to myself as well. Not only I can’t focus on my daily readings for my biology class, but also if I start reading a book, after only twenty minutes I loose my concentration. This inability to make â€Å"rich mental connections† and just to thin k, has transformed our real intelligence into an artificial intelligence, thus the Internet has a direct participation towards our brain development. One can say that the Internet has changed our lives for the better, since World Wide Web possesses information about almost everything. However, not all the information on the Internet is accurate. There are several web sites where the information is not meticulously verified, therefore one can obtain data and facts that are untrue, even misleading. The best example is Wikipedia, a website where anyone can put any information on this page without any previous examination. Countless students use this web site to research for projects, without knowing the danger of misleading information. Communication in our lives is a tremendous vital thing. Indeed, human beings are born to communicate with each other no matter what kind of lives they decide to live. Communicating with other people allows us to learn about ourselves as human creatures. It helps us to understand our way of behaving, of thinking in different situations/places. However, the Internet has a considerable effect on our daily communication with out friends, family and even loved ones. The casual coffee in a modern cafe is replaced by staying on Yahoo Messenger talking for hours in front of the computer, and a discussion face to face has become a thing of the past, â€Å"thanks† to Second Life, a program where you could meet virtually at a restaurant, cafe or even in a park. The increased access and heavy reliance onto computer games and the Internet for many people today have led to many social problems. Obsessive computer use leads to addiction, which can lead to financial problems, broken relationships, physical and emotional problems. An example of such addiction affected a Korean family. Their son was sent in a camp for he was playing all the time computer games. This camp helped him to stay away from a computer for two weeks, so that he could concentrate on regular activities. The Internet has extended its power at the point that Google and Microsoft are in the process of creating an online international library, extinguishing books. This idea would only cause the lost of our culture and history, because books are an important factor in the achievement of today’s knowledge. The vinegar that was used in the old days to sanitize the scrolls from the deadly diseases, was a crucial tool towards finding the location from where they were sent. Studying their chemical components scientists discovered even details of their way of living. In conclusion, technology in all of its forms – social networks, the Web, online gaming – is a net loss for today’s young people. As Grafton states: The narrow path still leads, as it must, to crowded public rooms where the sunlight gleams on varnished tables, and knowledge is embodied in millions of dusty, crumbling, smelly, irreplaceable documents and books. † Scientists proofed that the Internet is a direct cause of our mental regress, consequently each one of us must take this seriously, before we turn up into a chaotic, unwise and mentally challenge d world. Works Cited â€Å"Digital Nation. † Frontline. PBS. WNET, New York. 2 Feb. 2010. Television. Grafton, Anthony. â€Å"Future Reading: Digitization and Its Discontents. † Fields of Reading. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2010 How to cite Is the Internet Bad for Us?, Papers

The Lottery A Setting Analysis Essay Research free essay sample

The Lottery: A Puting Analysis Essay, Research Paper Shirley Jackson takes great attention in making a scene for the narrative, The Lottery. She gives the reader a sense of comfort and stableness from the really get downing. It begins, # 8220 ; clear and cheery, with the fresh heat of a full-summer twenty-four hours ; the flowers were blooming abundantly and the grass was amply green. # 8221 ; The scene throughout The Lottery creates a sense of peaceableness and repose, while portraying a typical town on a normal summer twenty-four hours. With the really first words, Jackson begins to set up the environment for her secret plan. To get down, she tells the reader that the narrative takes topographic point on an early summer forenoon. This helps in supplying a focal point of the typicality of this little town, a normal rural community. She besides mentions that school has merely late allow out for summer interruption, which of class allows the kids to run around at that clip of twenty-four hours. We will write a custom essay sample on The Lottery A Setting Analysis Essay Research or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Furthermore, she describes the grass as # 8220 ; amply green # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; the flowers were blossoming profusely. # 8221 ; These descriptions of the milieus give the reader a calm feeling about the town. The location of the square, # 8220 ; between the station office and the bank # 8221 ; , proves the littleness of this town, since everything centralizes at or near the town square and it acts as the primary location for the staying portion of the narrative, playing a important function at the terminal scene of the narrative. Up to this point, nil unordinary has happened, which might subsequently reflect an dry stoping. Finally, little intimations about the unusualness of this town are added. The writer points out important edifices that surround the town square, but fails to depict a church or a courthouse, which are common edifices to all communities. In this, there seems to be no cardinal regulating organic structure for this town, such as a tribunal or a constabulary station. Besides, curiously plenty, these people celebrate Halloween but non Christmas, Easter or Thanksgiving, T he largest holidays that â€Å"normal† people celebrate. However, Halloween implicates a certain proneness to defiant, evil activities. In add-on, the kids are constructing â€Å"a great heap of rocks in one corner of the square.† An feeling of the kids as normal kids garnering stones is counterbalanced by their ironical building a monolithic heap of rocks in one corner, as if they were punished through labour. The debut of the black box Acts of the Apostless as the major turning point for the scene. It symbolizes an immoral act to the villagers as # 8220 ; the villagers kept their distance # 8221 ; from it. The debut of the black box into the scene changes the temper and the ambiance of the occupants as they become uneasy around it. Furthermore, the black box changes the temper from serene and peaceful to baleful, where the minute of light ranges climax at the very terminal of the narrative. Through her usage of subtle inside informations in the scene, Shirley Jackson foreshadows the wicked emotional stoping, which lacks official governments, by the incoherent mentioning of rocks. Indeed, the narrative starts to experience more and more uncomfortable, and the commonplace attitude of the townsfolk remains even during the lapidation of Mrs. Hutchinson. They are all unaffected by the result except for, evidently, the victim of their collaborate slaying. Near the terminal, one of the adult f emales casually tells the victim to # 8220 ; be a good athletics # 8221 ; as they slaughter her with rocks. In malice of the peaceable temper created by the town scene, everyone commits a barbarous act by lapidating an guiltless individual. Throughout The Lottery, the scene plays a important function in portraying sarcasm in the secret plan. However, Shirley Jackson does non stop her narrative with a declaration to the secret plan, but she illustrates the sarcasm she sees in the universe through a originative ironical scene. Indeed, the scene expresses The Lottery # 8217 ; s subject of a concealed world beneath the surface of mundane lives.

ActivityBased Costing Essay Research Paper Brief Introduction free essay sample

Activity-Based Costing Essay, Research Paper Brief Introduction to ABC Activity-Based Costing ( ABC ) started as a methodological analysis that recognises the demand to understand how costs really relate to single merchandises and services ( Cooper A ; Kaplan, 1989 ) that subsequently resulted in a more refined system of apportioning operating expenses to merchandises and services, harmonizing to the demand of each activity. Homemade Pty Ltd # 8211 ; Food ( Dikolli A ; Smith, 1996:47-55 ) was a pilot undertaking where it took portion in an ABC feasibleness survey during the mid 90s. This company has been chosen for this survey because it has met some of the premier standards of ABC. The standards are diverse merchandise or service lines, high operating expense, big distribution costs, ( Downes, 1996:49 ) to call a few. Homemade manufactures 170 types of finished stock and is a market leader. It relied to a great extent on labor and incurring high operating expenses in treating nutrient in footings of machinery, sales representatives # 8217 ; wage and tenancy of mill floor. We will write a custom essay sample on ActivityBased Costing Essay Research Paper Brief Introduction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Three other companies are selected to detect ABC deductions in their systems to see if there is difference or similarity as compared to Homemade. These companies are NASA # 8217 ; s Lewis Research Centre ( LeRC ) # 8211 ; Government, Tampa Electric # 8211 ; Public Utility and Mobil # 8211 ; Oil A ; Gas ( see as attached at Appendix ) . They have fulfilled the undermentioned premier standards and have already gone through the stage of existent occurrences when they adopted ABC into their costing systems. 1. Product / Service Diversity A ; Customers Companies with more diverseness in merchandises, the harder it is for them to follow the beginning of profitableness, particularly when they are providing to assorted consumers. For illustration, LeRC conducts research and development in both aerospace and astronauticss, specializing in micro-gravity scientific discipline, aero-propulsion and infinite systems. Its internal clients include authorities bureaus, defense mechanism affiliates and the Congress itself. Without ABC, the beginnings and utilizations of financess are barely seeable, ( Walters et al. , 2000 ) because it is hard to mensurate its employees # 8217 ; clip spent on a given activity. Similarly, Mobil supplies more than 30,000 lubricators to retail clients and their costing system could non turn to cost to bring forth each merchandise separately. ( Kang, 2000 ) 2. High Overheads A ; Large Distribution / Marketing Costss Large companies normally incur high operating expenses than of direct costs because they spend more in distribution and selling costs. Indirect costs, such as publicity costs, mercantile establishment director # 8217 ; s rewards and depreciation of machinery are non accounted into the cost per unit of merchandise or service. For case, Mobil produces and supplies more than 30,000 lubricators, and operates lubricant affiliates in more than 60 states with 40 fabrication locations. Its broad coverage is to market its lubricators to the consumers. Therefore, it will be incurring high operating expenses. However, the cost per unit lubricator will non include the wages of salesmen selling it. Without ABC, these excess costs will non be accounted for and cost per unit will non be accurate. Similarly, Tampa Electric uses six bring forthing workss to provide to 550,000 clients: commercial, residential and industrial including the extent of urban and rural. The operating expense and distributi on costs incurred during the transit of electricity to these topographic points are non accounted in the cost per unit of electricity because in traditional costing, these costs are represented by resource drivers. After the execution of ABC, it is obvious to see that some of the determinations made in those companies have been changed. These alterations are made to better reflect merchandise costs, identify unneeded costs that cut down profitableness and uncluttering any excess work contributed from unstructured bing system. Common determination points can besides be categorised under several groups. 1. Cost Allocation A ; Pricing Non-value added costs are identified, hence been reduced. Gross saless are no longer to aim volume, but for the intent of profitableness. ABC allocated overhead costs harmonizing to their activity drivers alternatively of volume drivers. Specific activities that are lending to non-value added costs could be separated. For illustration, Tampa Electric discovered that proving of metres in house versus the field would salvage about $ 50,000 and replacing residential metres is well less expensive than mending them. For pricing intents, the monetary value per unit can be maintained the same while cut downing costs to bring forth significant net incomes. Mobil will be able to bring forth 1000s of merchandise and bundle combinations without increasing the costs that affect the profitableness degree. Homemade prepared cross-functional outgo analysis to observe any # 8216 ; hidden # 8217 ; points in the general leger and a five-stage determination procedure has been developed to specify act ivities harmonizing to their nature, either for activity-based direction ( the procedure dimension ) or activity-based costing ( the cost dimension ) intents. ( Dikolli A ; Smith, 1996:52 ) 2. Add / Drop Product / Service Lines Unprofitable merchandise lines can be dropped and new lines added. By taking these lines, it can extinguish really much of the cost subsidies such as electricity, natural stuffs and direct labor that have been incurred during the devising of merchandise or service. Mobil has closed multiple fabrication installations with exce US Secret Service capacity because ABC has identified the importance of profitableness instead than volume growing. â€Å"Profit focal point and concern simpleness are the subjects and the concern consequences are their touchable manifestations.† ( Tom Kang, 2000 ) Similarly, Homemade has eliminated one merchandise household from the merchandise scope after it is found out that there were alterations in surplus of 100 % for the two low-volume non-standard merchandises. ( Dikolli Smith, 1996:54 ) In order to ease the successful execution of ABC, there has been identified that certain cardinal # 8216 ; organizational # 8217 ; variables are indispensable for companies that took the ABC # 8217 ; s way. However, these variables can and hold increase the likeliness of successful execution ( Hilton, 2000:224 ) in all selected companies. 1. Top Management Support and Commitment The engagement of top direction in the ABC execution is important to do certain that all phases of transportation are completed. In Tampa Electric, the direction ensured that its people spent the clip needed to garner information, be available for interviews, train and larn how to utilize the ABC theoretical account, and pull off the consequences. In Mobil, the direction incorporate ABC into mundane concern decision-making procedures and guarantee its sustainability by driving ABC initiatives the top-down. The Management of LeRC recruited AMS ( American Management System ) to assist their squad use activity-based costing as a tool to implement the Internal Economy Concept. ( Walters et al. , 2000 ) 2. Organizational Culture A successful execution of ABC involves full engagement from employees concerned, including their shared beliefs, ends and values. ( Hilton, 2000:224 ) The employees are to be cohesive in doing the full transportation of bing system be completed. All runing countries of Tampa Electric were working together to accomplish the end # 8211 ; expected nest eggs mark by utilizing ABC. Mobil has besides successfully used this property to prolong ABC in its systems because its employees are determined to construct the best ABC theoretical account with the informations available from bing information system and efficaciously pass on the consequences. 3. Performance / Incentive Programme This variable will assist those employees who have or non able to accept the new alterations, therefore still pull off costs with the traditional manner. Most of the clip, wage is used as the alteration agent. In Tampa Electric, any service countries that have helped to place efficiency and best pattern will be awarded. By giving inducements, opposition to alter will be greatly reduced because employees have been compensated from any loss. In Mobil, ABC is tied to a public presentation measuring system ( Kang, 2000 ) where employees can acquire excess wage if they can integrate ABC into their work. 4. Education / Ongoing Training Employees are to be offered a continual chance to retrain and accommodate their accomplishments to the altering environment when ABC is implemented. By giving ongoing preparation to them, they will be more committed in back uping the execution of ABC into new concern units. As in Mobil, the employees are given guidelines to come on to latter phases of ABC, train users and portion their experience with other units. ( Kang, 2000 ) Similarly, participants in LeRC are educated of relationship matrices used to incorporate sections of the ABC theoretical account and that understanding the true costs is critical to last in an internal market economic system. ( Walters et al. , 2000 ) To reason, ABC mapped companies # 8217 ; disbursals from functional classs to procedures. ABC systems estimate the costs of resources used to execute activities for assorted end products. A company will necessitate ABC when its cost system exhibits job finding a merchandise # 8217 ; s net income border and with great alleviation when a physical stock list does non ensue in stock list accommodations. ( Eiler et al. , 1982:134 ) ABC can besides assist directors happen the topographic points in their organisations where betterment is likely to hold the greatest fiscal final payment. ( Cooper A ; Kaplan, 1991:132 ) However, the company must fulfill several premier standards before it is qualified to take up ABC as its costing system. Bibliography Mentions 1. Cooper, R. , Kaplan, R. S. , ( 1991 ) Net income Precedences from Activity-Based Costing, Harvard Business Review, May-June 1991: 130-135 2. Cooper, R. , ( 1989 ) You Need a New Cost System When # 8230 ; , Harvard Business Review, January-February, 1989: 77-82. 3. Dikolli, S. , Smith, M. , ( 1996 ) Implementing ABC: An Australian Feasibility Study, Australian Accounting Review, 6 ( 2 ) : 45-55 4. Downes, F. , ( 1996 ) Geting the Most Mileage from Your Cost System, Controller Magazine # 8211 ; June 1996: 46 5. Eiler, R. G. , Goletz, W. K. , Keegan, D. P. , ( 1992 ) Is Your Cost Accounting Up to Date, Harvard Business Review, July-August 1982: 133-139 6. Hilton, R. W. , ( 2000 ) Instructor # 8217 ; s Edition # 8211 ; Managerial Accounting, 4th Edition, McGraw-Hill International Editions 7. Kang, T. , ABC Gathers Speed at Mobil, [ Online ] , Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bettermanagement.com, [ 2000, August 30 ] 8. Tampa Electric Generates Results with ABC/M, [ Online ] , Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bettermanagement.com, [ 2000, August 30 ] 9. Bruno walters, J. , Rattan, P. , Smith, S. , Webster, D. , ABC at NASA # 8217 ; s Lewis Research Center, [ Online ] , Available: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.bettermanagement.com, [ 2000, August 30 ]

Victorian Social Mores Of The Early Twentieth Century essays

Victorian Social Mores Of The Early Twentieth Century essays Victorian social mores were originally strictly enforced, but as WWI developed, women began to reject the social mores to find work. Victorian social mores were paid less attention to by women in the years of the war, for women were needed to work and manufacture supplies for the war. As social mores were being questioned, women's organizations were making the situation worse for social mores by pushing for prohibition, the right to vote and suffrage. Victorian social mores faced many challenges around the turn of the century but the most prominent obstacles were women. World War I had a large effect on women overcoming Victorian social mores. Canada was unprepared for WWI, as it was expected to be a very short war but ended up being over 4 years long. As a result, Canadians manufacturers and suppliers could not cope with production demands. Manufacturers and producers needed more workers, but many able-bodied Canadian men were off fighting for their country; this is when women stepped in. Women broke through the rules that guided their lives to help out their country when it was in its greatest need. Canada needed workers for manufacturing plants and women were those workers. Many women came together and found work in assembly lines, munitions factories, and the civil service. Approximately 2400 women took an even greater leap of defiance and enlisted as nurses who served in British hospitals and in field hospitals. Many women abandoned the social mores to aid their society. Due to the demand for workers, coupled with the fact that Canada's men were at war, women began entering the workplace and going against social mores more rapidly than ever before. In 1891, women accounted for 14.3 percent of clerical workers in Canada; that figure had increased to 41.8 percent by 1921 and in 1901, one in six Canadian workers was female. Women accounted for 25 percent of all manufacturing and mechanical workers, and mo ...

Food Wasted Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Food Wasted - Research Paper Example These figures are extremely significant when one would consider the fact that millions of people all over the world, including some Americans are currently facing starvation or poverty. As per the 2009 statistics from America, 14.3 percent of all persons lived in poverty (Poverty in the United States). â€Å"How can 50 million people face hunger in a country that wastes billions of pounds of food?†(Feeding America). This paper analyses the reasons and consequences of poverty and food wastage in America. According to Usborne, â€Å"28 million people in the US will be using government food stamps to buy essential groceries in the fiscal year 2008, the highest level since the food assistance program was introduced in the 1960s†. United States is supposed to be the wealthiest countries in the world. Yet, it is surprising to know that 28 million people in America are facing some kind of poverty. It is an accepted fact that American food production is more than what they requ ired for the food needs. In fact America is exporting surplus food items to overseas countries. Yet, a substantial portion of the Americans are facing starvations. This happens mainly because of the problems in the management of food chain in America. â€Å"There is enough food to feed every man, woman and child in America. Hunger in America is not about supply, it is about redirecting the excess food that is lost each year to those who need it most† (Feeding America). Tons in millions of food items are wasting in American warehouses because of the problems in the supply chain. In fact the major reason for starvation is not lack of production, but inadequate supply of food. According to Bloom, 49 million food- insecure Americans were there in 2012. This happens mainly because of the food damage that taking place in between farm and fork. Dana Gunders (p.1) pointed out that 10 percent of the total U.S. energy budget, 50 percent of U.S land and 80 percent of all freshwater reso urces were utilized while food production take place in America. In her opinion, 40% of the total food production in America is getting wasted nowadays. Another argument put forward by Dana is that uneaten foods and the foods thrown away as waste are contributing heavily to the environmental problems in the form of solid waste accumulation. Solid wastes have the ability to generate toxic gases such as methane. In her opinion, reduction of food losses by 15 percent would be enough to feed more than 25 million starving Americans every year. It should be noted that the governments all over the world are spending too much to avoid environmental damage. The objective of these spending is to keep the environment fresh always to make life of animals, human and plants safer. It is a fact that plants are the only food producers in the world and no other thing in this world has the ability to produce food. Because of this awareness, governments are trying hard to fortify plant life in this wo rld. However, dumping of wasted food in agricultural lands is causing huge problems to the plants in the form of solid waste. It should be noted that solid wastes have the ability to produce toxic gases such as methane which is harmful to plant life. â€Å"When food is disposed in a landfill it rots and becomes a significant source of methane - a potent greenhouse gas with 21 times the global warming potential of carbon dioxide. Landfills are a major source of human-related methane

Journalism - The Economic Crisis Research Paper

Journalism - The Economic Crisis - Research Paper Example The people I interviewed gave varied responses to the causes of the economic crisis but from the interviews it was clear that it affected people’s living standards since inflation hit hard ion people s pockets and they could no longer live the way they used to do before. People feel that the economic crisis was caused by the debts that most people in the United States live with. The rate of profit of the economy had fallen and this meant that there was a high rate of inflation. Businesses were forced to adjust to the crisis by laying off workers so that they could continue being in existence. The rate of unemployment also increased as a result and this meant that the unemployed people could not get money to meet their daily needs. The decline in profits cased investments to reduce and since the economy depends on returns from business, the economy was set on the crisis. Other people feel that mortgage lending caused the economic crisis since the cost of housing increased signi ficantly during the crisis. This is because people had to pay a lot of money for their housing units and they were left with little money to meet their other needs. People feelings about the economic mess are varied but most people feel that it ruined the lifestyles as they had to budget their finances so that they could be able to survive with the money they had. ... The crisis caused people to move in to smaller houses since paying mortgages was expensive as interest rates were on the all time high and paying them was a task. People feel that the government is to blame for the crisis since it did not set the necessary policies to see that the value of the dollar is maintained. The government did not respond to crisis early enough as if it had it would have set out policies that would ensure that interest rates are at a good enough level to further development. People are dependant on credit and when the interest rates are too high, it means that they will not be able to get credit at reasonable interest rates hence levels of poverty will increase. Had the government ensured that interest rates were at a fair rate, it would make people get more credit and use it for their own development and for that of the country. People feel that government spending also had a great role to play in the crisis the economy was so much in debt and the high rate o f inflation meant that more money had to be used to pay the debt. The government spent a lot of money on the war against terrorism and there was no money being injected into the economy from the war. The cost incurred during the war depleted the economy of funds, which could be used for development purposes. Everyone was affected by the crisis and people complained on the adverse effects it had on their daily routines. There were high rates of unemployment since businesses could not employ people due to the decreased levels of profit. Those who were lucky to get jobs had to work on two or more jobs since they could not get enough from one job. Since the cost of gas also increased people’s travelling habits also

Accutane for Acne: An Analysis

Accutane for Acne: An Analysis Before the iron curtain fell any Information about acne was rare. But with growing advances in dermatology and medicine now understanding the cause of acne and its accurate treatment is available worldwide. Acne is one of the most common skin conditions in the world. Although it’s common but accurate information about acne can be scare. This makes it difficult to get clearer skin. Therefore the information in this document can help you understand acne and how to treat/ prevent it successfully. [1]Overview of acne: Acne, or acne vulgaris, is askinproblem that starts when oil and dead skin cells clog up your pores. Some people call it blackheads, blemishes, whiteheads, pimples, or zits. When you have just a few red spots, or pimples, you have a mild form of acne. Severe acne can mean hundreds of pimples that can cover the face, neck, chest, and back. Or it can be bigger, solid, red lumps that are painful (cysts). Acne is very common amongteens. It usually gets better after the teen years. Some women who never had acne growing up will have it as an adult, often right before their menstrual periods. How you feel about your acne may not be related to how bad it is. Some people who have severe acne are not bothered by it. Others are embarrassed or upset even though they have only a few pimples. Acne starts whenoil and dead skin cells clog the skins pores. If germs get into the pores, the result can be swelling, redness, and pus. Causes of Acne Acne can be caused or exacerbated by a number of different things, including: Changes in hormone levels (such as during puberty or menstruation) Cosmetics or hair or skin products Having a family history of acne Some medications Something rubbing on the skin (like a hat or helmet) Vigorous scrubbing of the skin Stress For most people, acne starts during the teen years. This is because hormone changes make the skin oilier afterpubertystarts. Using oil-based skin products or cosmetics can make acne worse. Use skin products that dont clog your pores. They will say noncomedogenic on the label. Acne can run in families. If one of your parents had severe acne, you are more likely to have it. Symptoms of acne : Acne commonly appears on the face and shoulders. It may also occur on the trunk, arms, legs, and buttocks. Other symptoms include: Crusting of skin bumps Cysts Papules (small red bumps) Pustules Redness around the skin eruptions Scarring of the skin Whiteheads Blackheads The good news is that there are many good treatments that can help you get acne under control. What is Accutane[2] [3]Accutane’s chemical composition resembles that of retinoic acid, a compound derived from Vitamin A. The primary application for Accutane is for nodular acne in patients that do not respond to topical applications (such as benzoyl peroxide) and standard antibiotic treatments.it is administered orally in pill form. It reduces the amount of oil released by oil glands in your skin, and helps your skin renew itself more quickly. People with severe cases of nodular acne can display red, tender and swollen bumps under the skin. These bumps can have a diameter of a quarter-inch or larger. Left untreated, these bumps can lead to permanent facial scarring and disfigurement. Accutane treats these bumps by slowing the rate of chemical production that leads to skin breakouts. It was originally recommended for people with severe acne that did not respond to other treatments,but has gained in popularity in the past 25 years and is prescribed more and more frequently for less severe acne How Accutane works Exactly how Accutane works on a cellular level is unknown but we do know that it affects all four ways that acne develops. 1. It dramatically reduces the size of the skinsoil glands(35%-58%) and even more dramatically reduces the amount of oil these glands produce (around 80%). 2. Acnebacteria(P. acnes) live in skin oil. Since oil is dramatically reduced, so is the amount of acne bacteria in the skin. 3. It slows down how fast the skin producesskin cellsinside the pore, which helps pores from becoming clogged in the first place. 4. It hasanti-inflammatoryproperties. Researchers have published several studies attempting to gauge whether people with mild to moderate acne can achieve long term remission of acne with lower dosages of Accutane. Initial data is showing that people with mild to moderate acne may be able to achieve long term remission with significantly lower dosages, and thus suffer fewer side effects, including lower incidence of scarring. Relapse rates with lower dosages do not seem to increase, leading some researchers to posit that it is not cumulative dose that brings about permanent clearing as much as it is the length of time that the oil glands are suppressed. Intermittent dosing (taking Accutane only 1 week of every month) appears to work less well, producing significantly poorer outcomes for more than half of the patients studied. Why is Accutane better Only solution for severe acne Effective than antibiotics Quick results as compared to other remedies Easier to consume and continue , just an oral pill Long term results Lesser scares left after complete course Dosage:[4] Accutane should not be consumed unless prescribed by your physician, and its dosage should be as prescribed by the physician. Please refer the table below to get a glimpse of the approximate dosage of Accutane. [5]Precautions: Before starting Accutane treatment, make sure you tell your doctor about any other medications you are taking (including prescription, over-the-counter, vitamins, herbal remedies, etc.). Do not take vitamin A supplements. Vitamin A in high doses has many of the same side effects as accutane. Taking both together may increase your chance of getting side effects. Do not receive any kind of immunization or vaccination without your doctors approval while taking accutane. Inform your health care professional if you are pregnant or may be pregnant prior to starting this treatment. Pregnancy category X (accutane may cause fetal harm when given to a pregnant woman. This drug must not be given to a pregnant woman or a woman who intends to become pregnant. If a woman becomes pregnant while taking accutane, the medication must be stopped immediately and the woman given appropriate counseling). Because of the extremely high risk that a deformed infant can result if pregnancy occurs while taking accutane in any amount even for short periods of time, for both men and women: Do not conceive a child (get pregnant) while taking accutane. Two methods of effective contraception are recommended for women of childbearing potential, unless absolute abstinence is the chosen method. Discuss with your doctor when you may safely become pregnant or conceive a child after therapy. Do not breast feed while taking this medication Side effects of Accutane: [6] Doctors prescribe Accutane when other acne treatments fail. Because serious cases of acne can be such a physical and social burden, patients may be willing to tolerate some of the common side effects that come with Accutane use, including dry skin, headaches and cold-like symptoms. A less-common side effect of the drug is pseudotumor cerebri – benign intercranial hypertension. This is a condition in which the brain acts as though there is a tumor when there is not. It can lead to blindness. Early signs of pseudotumor cerebri include headache, nausea, vomiting and visual disturbances. About half of Accutane users are women of childbearing age, making birth defects associated with Accutane use a significant concern. Unfortunately,Accutaneis linked to a series of serious side effects, including bowel diseases like Crohn’s disease, liver damage, depression, and miscarriage and birth defects if taken during pregnancy. Apart from these excessive dose of Accutane can lead to hypertension, suicidal tendencies, depression , liver damage, gastrointestinal problems , hearing impairment etc, there for as a matter of fact it is higly recommended to consume Accutane under medical supervision only. [1] American Academy of Dermatology (2007). Guidelines of care for acne vulgaris management. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 56(4): 651–663. Also available online: http://www.aad.org/education-and-quality-care/clinical-guidelines/current-and-upcoming-guidelines. [2] http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1349820/ [3] http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00982 [4] http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00982 [5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotretinoin [6] http://www.drugwatch.com/accutane/side-effects.php The Fall Of Rome | Essay The Fall Of Rome | Essay The debate about the fall of Rome and the way it happened is a centuries-old one and its vitality has been undiminished over the years. The traditional theory has the Roman Empire being violently overturned by barbarian Germanic tribes who started invading en masse during the last years of the fourth century. That wasn’t the first time that the Empire had to deal with pressure on its borders, but this time it eventually collapsed because it had already declined as a civilization due to internal problems. The first scholar to support this line of thought was Gibbon in the late eighteenth century. His great, multi-volume, work goes by the title ‘The Decline and fall of the Roman Empire’, which speaks for itself as for its writer’s thoughts (?). He argued that the most important cause which brought about the end of the Roman Empire was the expansion and gradual predominance of Christianity. First, the new religion and the structures that came with it (such as the church and the monasteries) interfered with the distribution of wealth inside the Empire, by accumulating it in institutions that were inaccessible by the state. Second, its pacifist ideology reduced the army’s will to fight and its theology corrupted the classical ideals through the spread of superstition. Another scholar arguing along the same lines was Rostovtzeff. He states the Late Empire was in retrogradation?, a sad and decadent remnant of its former self, partly because of the increase in absolutism during the reigns of Diocletian and Constantine and the emperors who succeeded them. Together with Gibbon, his arguments form the core of the ‘traditional’ theory, which puts stress especially on the issue of ‘decline’ as the main reason which made the disintegration of the empire, as a political entity, eventually inevitable. Due to the work of these two scholars, the ‘Fall of Rome’ has ended up being seen as something like the platonic idea of decline. Along with the traditional theory, we should consider the work of a more recent scholar. Following the same methodological path as Rostovtzeff, Jones credited the barbarians with the destabilization and collapse of the Roman Empire. Their invasions, he argues, should be seen as a destructive agent which placed strain on the Roman administration. At the same time, in a well-known passage, he speaks of a large part of the population that was consuming without producing anything, such as senators, soldiers and the clergy. These ‘idle mouths’, as he calls them, partly a result of barbarian pressure again, at least as far as the army was concerned, was the main reason for the economic waning of the Late Empire. Jones’ contribution was twofold. To begin with, he proposed a new chronological period, extending further than 476, the date traditionally considered as signaling the moment of death of the Roman Empire. His ending date was 602, the year of the emperor Maurice’s death as he strongly believed that the Roman Empire continued its existence, albeit geographically diminished, in the East, at least until the advent of the Slavic tribes in the Balkans at the end of the sixth century. This way, he managed to provide a connection between late- and post-Roman societies, hinting that there might have been a causal relation between the two. Secondly, he breathed new life in a period that was all but put aside by his contemporaries as of not much particular interest and after him scholars gradually started to perceive the Late Roman Empire in its own right. This was countered by ‘traditionalists’ in 2005 with the publication of a book under the title ‘The fall of Rome and the end of civilization’. In this book, the author Bryan Ward-Perkins is arguing fervently that the fall of Rome was a violent experience for the people involved, which involved much bloodshed and catastrophe. It was centered more on radical change than gradual transformation and was characterized by decline and resulted in a decline in civilized values which actually that a number of Roman cultural achievements were lost. Although this view has its merits and should not be discredited without consideration, it needs to be examined carefully because it conceals the danger of oversimplification. First, it can be argued that the author has gone too far with his emphasis on violence and catastrophe. Violence, no matter how hard on a society, is not by principle an agent of radical change which rules out any chance of transformation. Human history is full of violence and it would be surprising if the fourth and fifth centuries did not involve any at all. Despite Ward-Perkins vivid depictions, much of what was considered Roman did not disappear with the Empire. Roman qualities, such as a literate culture, can be shown to have survived as late as the seventh century, proving that the devastating barbaric invasions did not actually have such a devastating effect after all. Stemming from that, we should examine if there was a specific moment in time when Rome actually ‘fell’. If we cannot point out such an instance, then we should regard it as a more gradual process. Italy, for example, shows that society was able to maintain its order in the face of much devastation. And if, as Ward-Perkins himself admits, ‘there was no single moment, not even a single century of collapse’, then we should discard catastrophist theories as inadequate and try more. We should also keep in mind that the author comes from an archaeological milieu and, as a result, most of his proof comes from the study of material evidence. Archaeologists of the period tend to be advocates of the notion of decline more often than historians, mainly because such a decline is much more evident in the material remains of the Late Roman era. In addition to that we have to be careful with the origin the evidence. In the case of Ward-Perkins, he doesn’t hesitate to support his theory on data from Britain, but Brittania (i.e. the part of Britain which was conquered by the Romans) had never been the archetypal Roman province. So Britain is far from being the typical example of what happened after the Romans had left the island, particularly given the fact that we can find other provinces of the Roman Empire, which shared a completely different fate, such as Egypt and Syria. When talking strictly about the west, one has to be extremely cautious when trying to combin e both the archaeological data with historical sources that might give the impression of continuity. One way approaches, such as the one only just discussed, will not do. Late Antiquity With good reason one might ask what the need of such a dramatic reassertion of the traditional view on the fall of the Roman Empire. The word traditional itself implies the existence of an opposite, neoteric theory. In 1971, Peter Brown published a book which defied all the assumptions of the traditionalist school. His book ‘The world of Late Antiquity: from Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad’ argues about continuity, transformation, cultural and religious renewal. The enthusiasm that the book was met with in academic circles, especially in the United States, resulted in the banishment of terms as catastrophe, change, crisis and decline. Brown was influenced by the views of an earlier scholar, Henri-Irà ©nà ©e Marrou, who argued that late antique art had not deteriorated and that it should be looked at in its own terms. Brown was influenced by the work of Henri Pirenne. In his works the Belgian scholar supported that there was continuity to be found in terms of long-distance trade in the Mediterranean which was not affected by the barbarian invasions but collapsed with the great Arabic conquests of the seventh century. Brown placed a new stress on the period resulted in a recent rethinking of Pirenne’s views through the prism of the newly proposed notion of continuity. Finally, Brown could also be considered an influence because, as we saw earlier, he was the first to propose a causal connection between the Late Roman Empire and the post-Roman era. Thus, given the entailed predominance of continuity which was easily detected in themes such as art and religious belief, a new historical period has been founded with its own characteristics, that of Late Antiquity, in which â€Å"some of the basics of classical civilization still survived†. Its boundaries stress from the third to the eighth century, but they are still unfixed, with every writer proposing different dates, according to the issues they deal with. Brown relied heavily on the methods of historical psychology and psychoanalysis. This methodological innovation is a general trend among scholars of Late Antiquity, particularly those in the United States. They have more or less identified themselves with the kind of history that falls outside the scope of socio-economic history. For example, the history of Christianity has proven very fertile for studying Late Antiquity, especially the effects it has had on different aspects of human life, such as death, sexuality and the family. Thus, this school of thought has made astonishing contributions in such fields as gender and culture history, the history of mentalities and of popular belief. Such methods, however, often tend to function with no respect to periodization and as such they lead to fragmentation. Indeed, the work of these scholars shows more emphasis towards individuals and their perspectives than to the society they live in. As a consequence, post-modernist theories concerning source analysis have relied heavily on the works of scholars after Brown, while, in the meantime, the old philological approach has been largely abandoned. Ancient texts are dealt with not so much for their narrative value, but as agents the mentality of their authors. Of course, works exclusively focused on different authors have a lot to offer to the ongoing discussion of the period, but dogged commitment to them might create a handicap for our understanding of the period as a whole. Furthermore, partly as a response to the traditional view of catastrophe, scholars of Late Antiquity have been particularly keen on seeing continuity and transformation. But this attitude can be harmful in two ways. First, the notion of continuity seems to have an overshadowing effect on the particularity of issues in a certain period. If everything is proven to carry on from the past not changed in the least, then historical periods will automatically lose their individual tone, by which it is defined. Simultaneously, by relying to heavily historical sources (as they provide ampler evidence for continuity) we may be overturned by the findings of archaeological research (in the way Ward-Perkins was). Second, emphasis on continuity and transformation is the expulsion of their opposites from contemporary history books. Terms such as â€Å"crisis† and â€Å"decline† seem to have been anathematized in modern research and this has started to raise objections, even by scholars who are not polemicists of continuity itself. Powerful words like these falling into disuse can only be detrimental for historiography. These terms are usually avoided because of their moral implications, and it is somehow assumed that if there is decline someone needs to be charged with it. But we always have to bear in mind that history is a science and historians should concentrate purely on the facts of their research. Nevertheless, Late Antiquity’s impact shouldn’t be confined within strict scientific limits. Continuity along with transformation, apart from being objects of historiographical debate, is also too powerful of terms to be overlooked by contemporary politicians. From 1993 to 1998 a large research project, funded by the European Science Foundation (ESF), brought together scholars from across Europe. Its title was â€Å"Transformation of the Roman World† and its aim was to provide a widely accepted interpretation of the fall of Rome, along the lines of a smooth passage to what was to become today’s Europe. Two thousand years after Augustus history is being repeated: the European Union is commissioning its â€Å"poets† to create its own foundation myth. Late Antiquity is a new period that has had to carve its way bravely into powerful, deep-rooted views of modern historiography, much like the barbarians who had to carve their kingdoms fighting against the mighty Roman Empire. But unlike the former, somewhere along the way it had to make sacrifices which rendered it less effective as a means of interpretation and more limited in its scope. Also, it came to associate itself with â€Å"allies† with political agendas, who might have promoted it, but in the long term damaged somewhat its credibility in terms of objectivity. After all that, it is not surprising that Avril Cameron, a great advocate of the Brown school, herself admits â€Å"‘Late Antiquity’ is in danger of having become an exotic territory†, just before suggesting that it should be tested also in the fields of economic and administrative history. Pekepersonal thekerkerethoughts-synthesis/LA+med west Thus far, we’ve witnessed in brief a powerful debate: Ward-Perkin’s book came as a vivid reaction to a whole school of thought formed around Brown’s work, which itself was another dramatic response to an older tradition. But extremism is inherent in violent reactions, because only through opposition one side can define itself and stand out in relation to its adversaries. Naturally, the existence of opposition itself should not lead us to believe that one side is absolutely right, while the other is absolutely wrong (and in most cases they are not). Rather, it should direct us towards an evaluation of the new conclusions that emerged from the conflict and setting the problem on a new base. However, it should be noted that both books have something in common: they are heavily focused on different geographical areas, where their conclusions seem to be more frequently affirmed. This way, Brown was able to find plenty of continuity in the eastern part of the Empire, while Ward-Perkins discovered a great deal of catastrophe in its former western provinces. As Jones had underlined long before those two, historians often tend to forget that only a part of the Roman Empire actually fell to the barbarians. So, nothing would be amiss if things were so well defined, but they are not. And although it seems that Late Antiquity is better suited for early Byzantine history, there are also those medieval scholars who deem it rewarding to try their hand at the concepts that this new approach brought with it. Late Antiquity and early medieval history One of these was jean claude van dam (‘the muscles from brussels’) mouahahhahahaha Late Antiquity and the barbarians The exclusion of notions of violence and catastrophe from the debates concerning the fourth and fifth centuries, which Late Antiquity scholars promoted, created a historiographical vacuum and a way had to be found for depicting the relations between the Roman Empire and the new arrivals. If violence could not be used to describe them, then the sources had to be searched for a different sort of evidence. The subsequent reexamination of the sources gave birth to the notion of accommodation. The first scholar to do that was Walter Goffart. In a well-known book, published in 1980, he described in detail the way that the barbarians were settled on Roman lands. According to Goffart a fairly straightforward arrangement between the late Roman administration and the barbarian tribes can be derived from the sources. The critical feature of this arrangement was that the Empire relinquished its rights on the taxation of the region in which a group of barbarians were settled and instead those taxes would be collected by the barbarians. However, according to this theory, there was no expropriation of land, no partition of it to smaller units to be apportioned and no need for extra money from the tax payers. The only one who had something to lose in the process would be the central administration and this definitely helps explain the fact that there is no sign of any noteworthy resistance from the local population in the regions where the barbarians were settled in this way. The aforementioned theory was further elaborated by Durliat. After analyzing the sources rigorously, he managed to take Goffart’s theory one step further. He argued that land tax in the Late Roman Empire amounted to no more than 20% of the harvest and it was collected and administered by the curiales. They split it in three and kept one third for their city’s expenses. The other two thirds were then sent to Rome to be used for the needs of the army and the central administration. With the advent of the barbarians, this system was very conveniently transformed to accommodate them: the curiales no longer sent anything to Rome but instead conferred the appropriate amount to the barbarian group that happened settle in their city’s administrative region. Furthermore, he argued that this modus operandi continued unaffected after the fall of the western Roman Empire, in the different successor-states, until the collapse of the Carolingian Empire. This theoretical synthesis was attractive to scholars, not only due to its clarifying simplicity and astonishing applicability, but also because it served to explain the lack of any negative sentiment in the sources. The importance of it becomes clearer, if we take under consideration that actually there were complaints on the part of the sources, wherever the barbarians had not settled peacefully but by force. As we saw earlier, the curiales were unconcerned if two thirds of the land tax changed recipients, as long as they were still obtaining their part undiminished. One can easily imagine the effect that this argument had on the debate on continuity, especially since it was centered on Western Europe. Of course, this theory didn’t fail to raise some eyebrows. Liebeschà ¼tz criticized Durliat’s arguments on a twofold basis. First, he doubts that late Roman cities actually collected for themselves any part of the imperial taxes and second, he argues quite convincingly that such an agreement would eventually provide little actual security to the settling barbarians, as security is usually better ensured through direct property of the land, than through any fiscal rights. Whats more, it seems perfectly reasonable to assume that it was exactly this security that the barbarians were looking for and of course, their position of power during the last centuries of the Roman Empire made sure that they were not likely to settle for anything less. Moreover, Durliat’s theory was commented on further in an article in 1998. There, Wickham analysis Durliat’s arguments and dismisses them one by one. Initially, he disagrees that the strict fiscal meaning which the latter ascribes to terms such as possessors and fundus is actually the one intended by the legislators of the fourth and the fifth century and in so doing he undermines the theory from the beginning. But he goes on to challenge other aspects such as the idea that Church constituted a part of the state administration in the post-Roman kingdoms (and thus church property consisted only of fiscal lands) and the view that servus is the term used to suggest a free landowner. By providing hard evidence following the chronological order (Late Empire, Romano-Germanic Kingdoms, Carolingian Empire), Wickham manages to discredit convincingly the arguments about fiscal continuity throughout this period. But, it should be noted that in the end of his article, where he dis cusses briefly the issue of continuity, he states that while he is not averse to it himself, it should not be considered tantamount to complete absence of change. However, the predominance of continuity does not sit well with terms like ‘barbarian invasions’ and ‘Germanic immigration’. So, historians had to find ways to circumvent this problem; they started by looking at the ethnic identities of the Germanic peoples, because it could be argued for example that there was no clear-cut sense of common identity between barbarian groups, such as the Goths, or some common characteristics that defined ‘Germanic’ then it would be possible to downplay the importance of the aforementioned terms. This way, Late Antiquity affected another heated debate (and in the meantime was affected by it); that of European national identities. The contribution of Walter Goffart has been essential at this point. Apart from fiscal continuity, in his Barbarians and Romans, he was also arguing about against the existence of definite ethnic identities among the barbarians. Another centuries-old historiographic tradition before him interpreted the movements of the Germanic tribes according to contemporary political ideas. For example, before the Second World War, Kossina had argued that there was a separate, identifiable culture to be associated with every Germanic tribe we come across in the sources and in 1961 Wenskus had maintained that there was a core of tradition carried by the elite of each barbarian group, according to which the whole mass of the tribe was defined. But, according to Goffart ‘migrations have served as the factual underpinnings of early Germanic unity’. Thus, if he could prove that no such unity actually existed, the migration and invasion theories would lose all sense. Indeed, he argues for a ‘short history’ of these peoples oblivion was a result of translocation. The common past of these peoples at any point stressed as back as the time before their last migration. He refuses to use sources of the sixth century such as Jordanes because, in his opinion, they only reflect the ideas of their own times and cannot be trusted for their evidence of the distant past. Finally, after taking under consideration also the deductions of archaeological research, he thinks that, if one wanted to look at the discontinuity provoked by the advent of the barbarians, he should definitely put the emphasis on Rome and its security. It was the appeal that the Empire had on the barbarians and not their own expansionist agendas that brought about the fall, in an ‘imaginative experiment that got a little out of hand’. It is therefore clear that Late Antiquity has given historiography of ethnic identities new areas of research to explore. This process gets even more complicated with the interference of modern international politics and historians of the Early Middle Ages recently find themselves and their research at the center of contemporary political debates. One can discern a pseudo-history in the making, which serves political and nationalistic purposes in the sense that it tries to define distinct nations that were created centuries ago once and for all. Another assumption is that by right these nations should form separate political entities, according to their defined ethnicity and territory. To sum up, the search for continuity of the Late Antique scholars might not have been successful in the field of fiscal policies and accommodation but it ascertained the fact that we cannot presume long histories and ethnic identities of the Germanic peoples. This certainly confirmed transformation instead of catastrophe and crisis for some aspects of the fourth and fifth centuries but it surely proved that there was much discontinuity and heterogeneity concerning the notion of identity. And since the Early Middle Ages are of such a great importance in the international political stage, scholars of the period should benefit from the results of research in this field in order to prevent their academic field from becoming a plaything in the hands of international politics. (†¦Projecting their own experiences on another period of time (as historians often do) Bibliography A = Heather, P., The fall of the Roman Empire: a new history of Rome and the barbarians (London and Oxford, 2005) B = Ward-Perkins, B., The fall of Rome and the end of civilization (Oxford, 2005) C = Cameron, A., The Mediterranean world in Late Antiquity 395-600 (London, 1993) D = Marcone, A., â€Å"A long Late Antiquity? Consideration on a controversial periodization† Journal of Late Antiquity, 1 (2008), 4-19. E = Jones, A.H.M., The Later Roman Empire, 284-602 a social, economic and administrative survey (Oxford, 1964). F = G = Wickham, C., The inheritance of Rome: A history of Europe from 400 to 1000 (London, 2009). H = Innes, M., An introduction to Early Medieval Western Europe, 300-900 (London, 2007). I = Brown, P., The world of Late Antiquity: from Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad (London, 1971). J = Liebeschà ¼tz, W., â€Å"Cities, taxes and the accommodation of barbarians. The theories of Durliat and Goffart† in Noble, T. F. X. (ed.), From roman provinces to medieval kingdoms (New York, 2006), 309-323. K = Wickham, C., â€Å"The fall of Rome will not take place† in Rosenwein, B. H., Little, L. K. (eds.), Debating the Middle Ages (Oxford, 1998), 45-58. L = Goffart, W. A., Barbarians and Romans A.D. 418-584: the techniques of accommodation (Princeton, 1980) M = Goffart, W. A., â€Å"The barbarians in Late Antiquity and how they were accommodated in the West† in Noble, T. F. X. (ed.), From roman provinces to medieval kingdoms (New York, 2006), 235-261. N = Wood, I., â€Å"Barbarians, historians and the construction of national identities† Journal of Late Antiquity, 1 (2008), 61-81. O = Heather, P., â€Å"Late Antiquity and the Early Medieval West† in Bentley, M. (ed.), Companion to historiography (London, 1995), 69-87. P = Noble, T. F. X., â€Å"Romans, barbarians and the transformation of the Roman Empire† in Noble, T. F. X. (ed.), From roman provinces to medieval kingdoms (New York, 2006), 1-27. B, 40. A, 14. C, 3. D, 7. E, 1027. Also in other instances, such as 1039 and 1067. E, 1045-47. E, 1026. H, 6. C, 4. B, 13-14. B, 182-3. G, 8. H, 126. B, 123. B, 3. For example, in Chapter V, he is arguing for a drop in living standards mainly by looking at the quality and distribution of ceramics, B, 87-121. B, 87, G, 9. Especially in Chapters V and VI, B, 87-137. G, 9. Brown, P., The world of Late Antiquity: from Marcus Aurelius to Muhammad (London, 1971). B, 3-4.

Possible Solutions For Environment Problems Essay

Global warming has become a major issue discussed over Medias and governments all over the world today. It is a problem that threatens the whole world because of the destructive impacts it can have on us humans and to the environment. Global warming is not a new phenomenon. It is often referred to as the gradual rise of the earths near surface temperature as a result of increased emissions of greenhouse gases from human activities. The green house gases are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrogen, ozone and water vapor, they act as a blanket that traps enough heat from the sun to warm the earth. This is the green house effect as it is essential to life, for without it the earth would be so cold and would be uninhabitable. If not enough are in the air then the earth would become cold, but if too many gases are released into the air, then we have the problem of things heating up. The releasing of green house gases by humans slowly warm the earth, potentially changing the world’s climate pattern causing sea levels to rise and more disastrous effects. Now that the causes and effects of global warming are known, there can be strategies done to minimize its causes and effects. To achieve this countries and individuals have to work together to fight global warming, agreements made at the Kyoto Protocol is to minimize burning of fossil fuels in world leading countries of greenhouse gas emission including the United States and China. The earth’s atmosphere is made up of gases; carbon dioxide, methane, water vapor and nitrogen, these gases are known as the greenhouse gases, they trap heat from the sun to warm the earth. Without them the earth would be so cold. Most scientists believe that the sharp increase of greenhouse gases released into the atmosphere is warming the earth’s climate. Gases such as carbon dioxide, CFC and methane are the most released gases due to daily human activities. Exhaust from automobiles, smokes from coal fired power plants and deforestation are the major contributors to greenhouse gas emission. The largest greenhouse gas emitters are the densely populated and more developed countries such as the United States, China and Russia. Motor vehicles are the highest emitter of greenhouse gas; they produce high levels of carbon monoxide and nitrous oxide which is released into the atmosphere. Another major source is the burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and wood) by power plants to generate electricity. In 2003 the United States released  more than 5 million tons of gases from power plant alone. An increase of forest fires or deforestation for land clearing has lessened the amount of trees. Trees play a vital role in trapping carbon dioxide, when deforestation occurs more carbon dioxide is released. The Amazon is the largest carbon dioxide forest emitter (Protecting Forests). Any resource consuming method releasing quantities of carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide or even water vapor contributes to the effect (Tapia 2007). These mass emissions of greenhouse gases cause the atmosphere to trap more heat thus leading to the warming of the earth. As the temperature rises the earth becomes hotter and hotter causing polar ice caps and glaciers across the globe to melt. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is a scientific body tasked to evaluate the risk of climate change caused by human activity, has released their latest report (Summary for Policy Makers 2007) on how global warming is affecting the earth. The report shows that the â€Å"sea ice in the arctic is shrinking in all seasons, most dramatically in summer†¦.Important coastal regions of the ice sheets on Greenland and West Antarctica, and the glaciers of the Antarctic Peninsula, are thinning and contributing to sea level rise†( IPCC 2007, p.109). Another cause of sea level rise is the thermal expansion of water; this means that the increase in the earth’s temperature heats the ocean causing it to expand. The combination of water from melting glaciers, ice sheets and the thermal expansion causes sea level to rise. Rising of sea level leads to erosion and flooding but the most disastrous of all is the drowning of low lying islands and cites, the island of Tuvalu is slowly sinking from the rising in sea level. A warmer ocean can change weather patterns and could cause extreme weather events as already experienced in 2005 weather condition caused number of tornadoes and hurricanes in the United States and Asia( Tapia, 2007). The continuous rise in temperature and melting of ice caps is changing the landscapes in the artic circle making it uninhabitable for animal species including polar bears, seals and whales because they are only adapted to cold climate. Other effects include severe droughts in dry climate areas such as Africa has already leaded to famine. Fatal heat waves have already triggered massive bush fires in Australia and Europe, not only that but these heat waves could cause skin cancer. The  IPCC’s report concluded that if the temperature continues to rise within the next 50 years or so, its effects on us humans and our planet will be more disastrous (IPCC, 2007). However there could be strategies done to prevent global warming and its effects. Since us humans are the main source of global warming we are the only ones that can prevent its causes to minimize its devastating effects. As mentioned before that human activities such coal power plant emissions and deforestation are amongst the leaders of carbon dioxide emitters. Large industrialized countries should cut down the level of carbon dioxide emitted from coal fired power plants. The Kyoto protocol is an agreement made under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), their goal is to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases in large industrialized countries such as the United States (Kyoto Protocol 2008). Another step is the banning of coal fired power plants, director of the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies told the â€Å"Terra Daily† that â€Å"There should be a moratorium on building any more coal-fired power plants until the technology to capture and sequester the (carbon dioxide emissions) is available,† he believes that the suspension of coal fired power plant is the key to cutting carbon dioxide emission (Staff Writers, 2007). Moreover we could use energy from renewable sources such as wind and solar power because it is much cleaner than fossil fuels. For example, more than 40 percent of the US states is increasingly using renewable energy because it is more affordable and cleaner than fossil fuel (Clean Energy, 2007). While reducing industrial emissions is critically important, we should also stop deforestation of rainforests such as the Amazon where trees are cut down, burned and cleared for agriculture and cattle grazing (Forest Holocaust & Protecting Forests). We could stop deforestation and replant more and more trees to replace the fallen trees. BIBLIOGRAPHY: Simmons (2005, September 11). 5 deadliest effects of Global Warming, Retrieved February 28 2008 from http://www.environmentalgraffiti.com/sciencetech/5-deadliest-effects-of-global-warming/276Staff Writers (2007, February 27). Climate Science, retrieved March 2 2008 from